求一篇翻译好的英文护理论文 原文及翻译稿 多谢!

如题所述

目的

简述
149

1
岁以下小儿先心病患儿的围术期护理。方法


149
例先心病
手术患儿的围术期护理措施的观察。结果

134
例治愈出院,死亡
15
例,其中
VSD
伴重度
肺动脉高压
5

;TOF 5
例,
TGA 3

;
完全房室管畸形
1

;
完全型肺静脉畸形引流
1
例。单

VSD

ASD
无一例死亡。
结论

护士扎实的理论基础、
良好的沟通技能、
丰富的临床经验、
果断的判断能力、娴熟的配合技巧都是保证手术成功的关键。
󰀀󰀀

【关键词】

小儿先天
性心脏病

围术期监护

护理措施及体会
󰀀󰀀

随着小儿先天性心脏病
(CHD)
诊治技术的进
步,
手术年龄日趋低龄化。
婴儿期即对先心病实施手术根治,
预计成人先天性心脏血管病就
将逐渐减少。然而先心病的小儿,病理生理变化大,发育差,因此除了手术技巧,麻醉体外
循环技术外,科学的围术期监护亦有其独特性。本文对第三军医大学新桥医院
2005

2007

3
月收治的
149

1
岁以下小儿先心病手术患儿的护理措施进行回顾总结。
󰀀󰀀

1
资料
和方法
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1.1
一般资料


149
例患儿中,


89
例,

60
例,
年龄
2
天~
1
岁,
平均
(7±
0.97)

;
体重
2 600

9 000 g

平均
(6 800±
1 940)g
,平均准备时间
3
天,术后监护时间
2
天,住院
时间
14
天。
󰀀󰀀

1.2
手术种类

室间隔缺损
(VSD)99

(
其中伴有中~重度肺动脉高压
14

)
,房间隔缺损
(ASD)14
例,肺动脉瓣狭窄
(PS)3
例,完全肺静脉异位引流
3
例,法洛四联

(TOF)17
例,右位心、单心室
2
例,完全房室管畸形
3
例,右冠状动脉右室漏
2
例,完全
大动脉转位
(TGA)6
例。
󰀀󰀀

1.3
手术方法

麻醉后胸骨正中切口,常规建立体外循环,降
温。阻断主动脉后灌注
4

冷心肌保护液,压力
30 mm Hg
,速度
160

200 ml/min
,首次量
15

20
ml/kg)
,每隔
20
min
追加一次,为首剂量的
12
。根据患儿年龄、
VSD
位置和
ASD
大小,经右房或肺动脉,用
Dacron
或心包补片修补。升温、主动脉开放,心脏复跳,自主
循环稳定后停体外循环,常规超滤
10 min
左右至红细胞压积
(HCT)

30%
以上,中和肝素,
分别拔管、止血及关胸。
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1.4
转流时间

最短
28 min
,最长
237 min
,平均
87.5 min

主动脉阻断时间最短
0 min
,最长
140 min
,平均
46.1 min

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1.5
心脏复跳情况

开放循
环后心脏自动复跳
127
例,
电极复跳
22
例。
󰀀󰀀

2
结果
󰀀󰀀

134
例治愈出院,
死亡
15
例,
其中
VSD
伴重度肺动脉高压
5

;TOF
5
例,
TGA
3

;
完全房室管畸形
1

;
完全型肺静脉
畸形引流
1
例。单纯
VSD

ASD
无一例死亡。
󰀀󰀀

2
护理体会
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2.1
术前访视

术前
1
日巡回护士去病房,
阅读病例、
探视及向其家属了解患儿情况,摘录有关检查数据,做到心
中有数。患儿年龄小,体重低,护士通过形体语言如触摸安抚、面带微笑地与患儿接触,避
免了患儿年龄小不能核对姓名而发生差错。
需向家长讲解禁食禁饮的必要性,
防止麻醉中出
现误吸
(
一般婴幼儿禁食
4
h)
,由于婴幼儿耐受饥饿的能力差,患儿择期手术宜排在上午第
一台为宜
[1]

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2.2
手术间及物品的准备

小儿体温受外界影响,
所以接患儿入室前先把
温度调高
2


4

,相对湿度保持不变
(60%)
。术前手术床上铺好变温毯,降温时,巡回护
士在体外循环开始时,在患儿头部置冰袋,同时将室温迅速下调至
16

;
到心内操作完毕开
始升温时,即撤除头部冰袋,改用
38

湿毛巾敷于头部,以协助升温,室温上调至
24


26

。冬季输液、输血可使用加温器,避免输入大量冷液体。为了控制液体的入量,输液使
用精密可控制流量的输液器。
调节血压的药物更应该精确,

50 ml
空针抽取经输液泵滴入。
另外备
22
号动脉留置针,肝素溶液,行桡动脉穿刺。
󰀀󰀀

2.3
麻醉前、后的配合

心脏手
术应避免患儿哭闹加重缺氧,术晨患儿由家属陪伴到手术室门外,待麻醉准备工作完毕后,
经过查对根据患儿的体重及麻醉医生的医嘱,给予氯胺酮
(5

6 mg/kg)
肌内注射,待患儿入
睡后抱入手术间,立即建立静脉通道。在麻醉诱导中要协助麻醉师注意患儿呼吸,
血压,心
电图等变化。为避免各种刺激,患儿的导尿,测肛温、鼻咽温,动脉及深静脉穿刺可在麻醉
后进行。
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2.4
手术体位

患儿置平卧位,胸骨用软枕垫高
5 °

15 °
,肘、踝和肩胛等突
出部位用软垫保护。一方面有利于手术野的暴露,便于操作
;
另一方面小儿皮肤娇嫩,长时
间皮肤受压容易引起压疮。
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2.5
术中出入量的管理

患儿体外循环手术危险性大,
需开
放的静脉通道多,要求护士有熟练的穿刺技术和经验。严格控制入液量,
10 kg
以下的患儿

尤为重要,避免盐水输入过多,配制药物时均用葡萄糖注射液稀释
[2]
。输液量均由小儿血
液循环较成人快,短时间内大量液体进入体内造成肺水肿、心衰等并发症。在体外循环中,
应将所有静脉通道控制到最小化,
保证通道暂时关闭。
手术中尿量的观察成为护理工作的重
点之一,保持血钾浓度在正常范围,可根据血气结果和见尿补钾的原则,
500 ml
尿量补
1

2
g
。术中及时向麻醉医生和转流医生汇报转流前、转流中,及停体外循环后的入液量及尿
量。输血量的多少应根椐年龄、
体重、心脏类型及出血量和动静脉的变化来决定,
既要防止
输液过少所致的低血容量,
又要防止输液过量加重心脏负担。
我们的做法是对有全血的纱布
过秤定量,对吸引瓶内及其他含血液体测
Hb
然后推算其血量。
󰀀󰀀

2.6
监测生命体征


中监测心电、呼吸、有创动脉压、经皮血氧饱和度、三路体温、尿量及心内压力等。巡回护
士注意观察监护仪数据,
与手术、
麻醉、
转流医师保持联系,
及时检查和调整探头、
线路
(

管路
)
,以确保监测准确和稳定。超滤能提高血浆胶体渗透压和红细胞压积,将红细胞压积
提高至
33%

35%
,使血流动力学得到了良好恢复,有利于心功能的改善
;
但超滤时动脉血
压有时会偏低,
巡回护士需严密监测动脉压和红细胞压积的变化。
准备除颤器、
临时心脏起
搏器等,以备急用。
󰀀󰀀

2.7
器械和材料

患儿的心肌组织发育不成熟,手术视野小,故所
用的手术器械和材料应与其相匹配,要求精细、损伤小、易操作、方便手术,如小号胸撑、
婴儿型主动脉阻断钳、细齿无损伤镊、显微持针器、
9
mm

13
mm
针的
5/0

6/0
prolene
线、
8 mm

9 mm
针的
5/0

4/0
带垫片涤纶线、
16

18
号胸腔引流管等。用小儿进口胸
骨钢丝
(12
mm×
28
mm)
缝合胸骨,
3/0
弯纽线缝皮肤。
󰀀󰀀

2.8
术中配合

小儿皮肤嫩,在
进行各项操作时应特别注意,
为了避免皮肤烧伤,
各穿刺部位及手术切口用碘伏消毒。
在固
定体外循环管道时应将剖胸单提起再夹固定钳避免夹伤皮肤。
因为低体重和小婴儿的心内直
视手术,手术视野小,有一定的难度,器械护士熟悉每个手术的方法和每个操作步骤,
跟踪
手术全过程传递器械和配合手术的每个动作要做到主动、
准确、快捷、轻柔,
减少或避免不
必要的重复或误传。台上医护有效配合,是在最短的时间内成功完成手术的关键之一。
󰀀󰀀

3
小结
󰀀󰀀

低龄儿的手术极富挑战性,手术的成功,与手术护理配合有着密切的联系,通

149
例手术,
我们总结出一套适合低年龄患儿的手术配合经验。
手术过程中,
巡回护士安
置体位,协助降温,了解尿量,观察生命体征,并与手术、麻醉、体外循环医师密切配合。
器械护士合理选择手术器械与材料,
每个传递步骤准确无误。
护士扎实的理论基础、
良好的
沟通技能、丰富的临床经验、果断的判断能力、娴熟的配合技巧都是保证手术成功的关键。
objective the perioperative nursing care of 149 cases of children below 1 years oldchildren with congenital heart disease. Method observation of 149 cases of congenital heart disease operation in children perioperative nursing measures. Results 134 cases were cured,15 cases of death, in which VSD associated with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension in 5 cases; TOF 5 cases, TGA 3 cases; 1 cases of complete atrioventricular canal malformation;total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in 1 cases. Simple VSD, ASD with no death.Conclusion nurses solid theoretical foundation, good communication skills, rich clinicalexperience, decisive judgment ability, skilled cooperation skills are the key to a successful operation. [Keywords] in children with congenital heart disease perioperative care nursingmeasures and experience with pediatric congenital heart disease (CHD) in diagnosis and treatment of the progress of technology, operation increasingly young age. Infant of congenital heart disease operation cure, is expected to adult congenital heart disease will be reduced gradually. However, congenital heart disease in children, pathological and physiologicalchanges, growth is poor, so in addition to the operation skills, anesthesia and extracorporeal circulation technology, scientific perioperative care has its unique. The Third Military Medical University Xinqiao Hospital from 2005 to 2007 March were nursing measures of 149 patients under 1 years of age in children with congenital heart disease operation were reviewed. 1 dataand method 1.1 general data in 149 patients, male 89 cases, female 60 cases, aged from 2days to 1 years, averaged (7 ± 0.97) days; the weight of 2600 ~ 9000 g, the average (6800 ± 1940) g, the average time 3 days time, postoperative care 2 days, hospitalization time of 14 days. 1.2 operation types of ventricular septal defect (VSD) in 99 cases (including associated with moderate and severe pulmonary hypertension in 14 cases), atrial septal defect (ASD) in 14 cases, pulmonary stenosis (PS) in 3 cases, total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in 3 cases, tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) in 17 cases, 2 cases dextrocardia, single ventricle, complete atrioventricular canal malformation in 3 cases, right ventricular and right coronary artery fistula in 2 cases, complete transposition of the great arteries (TGA) in 6 cases. 1.3 operation methods anesthesia after median sternotomy, conventional extracorporeal circulation, cooling.Aorta perfusion after 4 ℃ cold cardioplegia, pressure of 30 mm Hg, speed of 160 ~ 200 ml/min,the first volume of 15 ~ 20 ml/kg), every 20 min supplements one, led by the 12 dose.According to age, location and size of the VSD ASD, right atrial and pulmonary artery, Dacron or pericardial patch. Heating, opening of aorta, heart Rebeating, stop automatic cycle stability after cardiopulmonary bypass, conventional ultrafiltration of about 10 min to the hematocrit (HCT) is more than 30%, and heparin, respectively, extubation, hemostasis and closed chest.1.4 bypass the shortest time 28 min, the length of 237 min, 87.5 min on average, aortic cross-clamp time shortest 0 min, the length of 140 min, 46.1 min on average. 1.5 heart Rebeating after open loop automatic Rebeating in 127 cases, electrode Rebeating in 22 cases. 2 results of 134 cases were cured, 15 cases died, in which VSD associated with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension in 5 cases; TOF 5 cases, TGA 3 cases; 1 cases of complete atrioventricular canal malformation; total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage in 1 cases.Simple VSD, ASD with no death. 2 nursing 2.1 preoperative interview 1 days before surgery nurse to ward, reading case, to visit and to the family to understand children, extract relevant inspection data, do know the score. Children younger age, low body weight, body language such as nurses through touch comfort, with a smile to come into contact with children, to avoid the infants cannot check the name errors. Need to explain the necessity of parents of fasting, to prevent the emergence of aspiration (general anesthesia in infants fasted for 4 h), because of the ability of infant tolerance hungry poor children undergoing operation, should be arranged in the morning the first appropriate [1]. 2.2 operation and preparation of goods infantile temperature affected by the outside, so the connection with burglary before putting temperature up to 2 ℃ ~ 4 ℃, relative humidity remained unchanged (60%). Preoperative operation bed with warm blankets, cooling, itinerate nurse at the start of CPB, home ice in children with head, while the room temperature quickly down to 16 ℃; intracardiac operation to start warming up, namely removing head ice bag, with 38 ℃ wet towel on the head, to assist the heating, room temperature rise to 24 to 26 DEG C. Winter infusion, transfusion can use the heater, avoid a cold liquid. In order to control the liquid quantity, infusion using precision can infusion control flow. Drug for regulating blood pressure should be more accurate, with 50 ml needle extraction by infusion pump drops. In addition to prepare 22 artery indwelling needle,heparin solution, radial artery puncture. 2.3 before anesthesia, after the operation with the heart should avoid the children crying aggravating hypoxia, in the morning the children from families with to the operation room door after anesthesia, after preparation is completed, after checking based on children's weight and anesthesia doctor, ketamine (5 ~ 6 mg/ kg)intramuscular injection, the children were asleep put into operation, immediately establish vein channel. After induction of anesthesia in children with attention to assist the anesthesiologist respiration, blood pressure, ECG changes. In order to avoid all kinds of stimulation, children with urethral catheterization, measured rectal temperature, nasopharyngeal temperature, artery and deep vein puncture can be carried out after anesthesia. 2.4 operation with the supine position, the sternum with soft pillow 5 ° ~ 15 °, cushion elbow, ankle and shoulder such prominent position. On one hand, facilitates the operation field exposure, convenient operation; on the other hand, pediatric skin delicate skin, long time compression is easy to cause pressure sores. Input and output management of children with cardiopulmonary bypass operation risk big cholecystectomy in 2.5, venous access to be open, to
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第1个回答  2019-11-14
翻译护理论文可以找清北医学翻译,尤其是这一类医学类型的论文,难度比普通论文高很多,所以没有一定的水平我还是建议找机构。
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