GEOFFERY CHAUCER 的生平, 他的作品及对英国文学的贡献

Question

GEOFFERY CHAUCER 的生平, 他的作品及对英国文学的贡献（用英语）

Answer 1

　　杰弗雷·乔叟(Geoffrey Chaucer,约1343～1400）英国诗人。十几岁起进入宫廷当差。1359年随爱德华三世的部队远征法国，被法军俘虏，不久赎回。乔叟与宫廷往来密切，当过廷臣、关税督察、肯特郡的治安法官、郡下议院议员。他曾因外交事务出使许多国家和地区，到过比利时、法国、意大利等国，有机会遇见薄伽丘与彼特拉克，这对他的文学创作产生了很大的影响。乔叟在庇护者失宠期间，被剥夺了官位和年金，经济拮据。他曾写过打油诗《致空囊》给刚登基的亨利四世，申诉自己的贫穷。1400年乔叟逝世，安葬在伦敦威斯敏特斯教堂的“诗人之角”。

　　乔叟的诗歌创作分为三个时期：①法国影响时期（1359～1372）：主要翻译并仿效法国诗人的作品，创作了《悼公爵夫人》(The Book of the Duchess (1369))，用伦敦方言翻译了法国中世纪长篇叙事诗《玫瑰传奇》等。②意大利影响时期（1372～1386）：诗人接触了资产阶级人文主义的进步思想。这一时期的创作如《百鸟会议》、《特罗伊勒斯和克莱西德》(Troilus and Criseyde (c. 1385))、《好女人的故事》，反映了作者面向生活现实的创作态度和人文主义观点。③成熟时期（1386～1400）：乔叟在这最后15年里从事《坎特伯雷故事集》的创作。无论在内容和技巧上都达到他创作的顶峰。他首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用，被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。

　　乔叟早期的创作受意大利和法国文学的影响。他把法国文学中的骑士传奇、抒情诗和动物寓言故事等引入英国文学。其早期作品《特罗勒斯和克莱西德》(1385)，人物性格塑造生动细腻，语言机智幽默。

　　从1377年开始，乔叟多次出使欧洲大陆，接触了但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘等人的作品。这些作家反封建反宗教的精神和人文主义思想，使乔叟的创作思想发生了深刻的变化，开始转向现实主义。根据薄伽丘的一部长诗改写的叙事诗《特罗勒斯和克面西德》摈弃了梦幻和寓言的传统，代之以对现实社会中的人物和生活细节的描写，这是乔叟的第一部现实主义作品。

　　乔叟在他生活的最后十五年进行了《坎特伯雷故事集》 (The Canterbury Tales（1387-1400）)的创作。这是他最杰出的作品。

　　乔叟视野开阔，观察深刻，写作手法丰富多样，真实地反映了不同社会阶层的生活，开创了英国文学的现实主义传统，对莎士比亚和狄更斯产生影响。

　　《坎特伯雷故事集》是英国作家乔叟的小说。作品描写一群香客聚集在伦敦一家小旅店里，准备去坎特伯雷城朝圣。店主人建议香客们在往返途中各讲两个故事，看谁讲的最好。故事集包括了23个故事，其中最精彩的故事有：骑士讲的爱情悲剧故事、巴斯妇讲的骑士的故事、卖赎罪券者讲的劝世寓言故事、教士讲的动物寓言故事、商人讲的家庭纠纷的故事、农民讲的感人的爱情和慷慨义气行为的故事。作品广泛地反映了资本主义萌芽时期的英国社会生活，揭露了教会的腐败、教士的贪婪和伪善，谴责了扼杀人性的禁欲主义，肯定了世俗的爱情生活。

　　《坎特伯雷故事集》的艺术成就很高，远远超过了以前同时代的英国文学作品，是英国文学史上现实主义的第一部典范。作品将幽默和讽刺结合，喜剧色彩浓厚，其中大多数故事用双韵诗体写成，对后来的英国文学产生了影响。人物形象鲜明，语言生动活泼。乔叟用富有生命力的伦敦方言进行创作，也为英国文学语言奠定了基础。他首创的英雄双韵体为以后的英国诗人所广泛采用，因而乔叟被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。
　　杰弗里·乔叟作品
　　杰弗里·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer，1340年—1400年），英国中世纪著名作家，出生于一个酒商家庭。1359年随爱德华三世的部队远征法国，被法军俘虏，不久以黄金赎回。乔叟当过国王侍从，出使许多欧洲国家，两度访问意大利，发现了但丁、薄伽丘和彼特拉克的作品，对他的文学创作起了极大的作用。代表作：《坎特伯雷故事集》（The Canterbury Tales）其他作品《公爵夫人之书》(Book of the Duchess)、《声誉之宫》(The House of Fame)、《百鸟会议》(The Parliament of Fowles)、《贤妇传说》(The Legend of Good Women)以及《特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达》(Troilus and Criseyde)。乔叟于1400年10月25日在伦敦逝世，葬于威斯敏斯特教堂里的“诗人之角”。乔叟的死因不明，可能是被谋杀，英国的中世纪研究专家特里·琼斯曾出了一本书《谁谋杀了乔叟？》。
　　乔叟率先采用伦敦方言写作，并创作“英雄双行体”，对英国民族语言和文学的发展影响极大，故被誉为“英国诗歌之父”。

Answer 2

Geoffrey Chaucer (born 1340/44, died 1400) is remembered as the author of The Canterbury Tales, which ranks as one of the greatest epic works of world literature. Chaucer made a crucial contribution to English literature in using English at a time when much court poetry was still written in Anglo-Norman or Latin.

Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London. He was the son of a prosperous wine merchant and deputy to the king's butler, and his wife Agnes. Little is known of his early education, but his works show that he could read French, Latin, and Italian.

In 1359-1360 Chaucer went to France with Edward III's army during the Hundred Years' War. He was captured in the Ardennes and returned to England after the treaty of Brétigny in 1360. There is no certain information of his life from 1361 until c.1366, when he perhaps married Philippa Roet, the sister of John Gaunt's future wife. Philippa died in 1387 and Chaucer enjoyed Gaunt's patronage throughout his life.

Between 1367 and 1378 Chaucer made several journeys abroad on diplomatic and commercial missions. In 1385 he lost his employment and rent-free home, and moved to Kent where he was appointed as justice of the peace. He was also elected to Parliament. This was a period of great creativity for Chaucer, during which he produced most of his best poetry, among others Troilus and Cressida (c. 1385), based on a love story by Boccaccio.

Chaucer took his narrative inspiration for his works from several sources but still remained an entirely individual poet, gradually developing his personal style and techniques. His first narrative poem, The Book of the Duchess, was probably written shortly after the death of Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster, first wife of John Gaunt, in September 1369. His next important work, The House of Fame, was written between 1374 and 1385. Soon afterward Chaucer translated The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius, and wrote the poem The Parliament of Birds.

Chaucer did not begin working on The Canterbury Tales until he was in his early 40s. The book, which was left unfinished when the author died, depicts a pilgrimage by some 30 people, who are going on a spring day in April to the shrine of the martyr, St. Thomas Becket. On the way they amuse themselves by telling stories. Among the band of pilgrims are a knight, a monk, a prioress, a plowman, a miller, a merchant, a clerk, and an oft-widowed wife from Bath. The stories are interlinked with interludes in which the characters talk with each other, revealing much about themselves.

According to tradition, Chaucer died in London on October 25, 1400. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, in the part of the church, which afterwards came to be called Poet's Corner. A monument was erected to him in 1555.本回答被提问者采纳