王念孙《说文解字注序》中的两段翻译成现代汉语

Question

说文之为书,以文字而兼声音训诂者也。凡许氏形声读若,皆与古音相准。或为古之正音,或为古之合音。方以类聚,物以羣分。循而考之,各有条理。不得其远近分合之故,则或执今音,以疑古音;或执古之正音,以疑古之合音,而声音之学晦矣。说文之训,首列制字之本意,而亦不废假借。凡言一曰及所引经类多有之。盖以广异闻、备多识、而不限於一隅也。
不明乎假借之指,则或据说文本字,以改书传假借之字;或据说文引经假借之字,以改经之本字。而训诂之学晦矣。吾友段氏若膺,於古音之条理,察之精剖之密.甞为六书音均表,立十七部以综核之。因是为说文注。形声读若、一以十七部之远近分合求之。而声音之道大明。於许氏之说,正义借义,知其典要,观其会通。而引经与今本异者,不以本字废借字,不以借字易本字。揆诸经义,例以本书,若合符节,而训诂之道大明。训诂声音明而小学明,小学明而经学明。盖千七百年来无此作矣。若夫辨点画之正俗,察篆隶之省,沾沾自谓得之,而於转注假借之通例,茫乎未之有闻,是知有文字,而不知有声音训诂也。
其视若膺之学,浅深相去为何如邪。余交若膺久,知若膺深,而又皆从事於小学,故敢举其荦荦大者,以告经学之士云。嘉庆戊辰五月。 高邮王念孙序

Answer 1

《说文》这本书，是以文字为主，兼论音韵和训诂的专著。大凡许慎所说的“形声”“读若”，都是和古音相校准的。有些是古代的正音，有些是古代的合音（王念孙所说的“正音”大概就是确切的读音，“合音”大概是对转旁转一类）。世间万物以类相聚，各有群族。依照（自然之理）来考究，（可以发现）其中各有条理。（如果）不分清楚其中远近分合的道理，于是要么拘泥于今音而怀疑古音有误，要么拘泥于古音的正音来怀疑合音，于是音韵学也就这样暗淡了。《说文》的训诂，一开始列出造字的本意（也就是造意，有时候并非本义），而同时也不偏废假借义。其中所有说“一曰”的内容，以及引用的经传都十分详实。这些大概用来增加那些罕有的见闻，具备多方面的见识，而不仅局限于一个方面。不明白假借的道理，就要么依据《说文》列出的本子去篡改经传的假借字；要么依据《说文》引用的假借字去篡改经传的本字，于是训诂学也就暗淡了。
我的好友段若膺（段玉裁字若膺），在古音条理方面，观察细致入微，剖析深入严密，曾经撰写《六书音均表》，建立古韵十七部来统摄他的古音学理论。依据其古音学的成就来为《说文》做注。“形声”“读若”等现象全都用十七部的远近分合来推求。于是音韵学的道理彰明。对于许慎所说的本义和借义，段玉裁能够知道其中关键，看到其勾连相通之处。而《说文》引用经传中有和现在通行本有不同的，段玉裁不用本字替换假借字，也不用假借字更改本字。将这些说解与经义相比照，用《说文》的体例来观察，完全符合事实，于是训诂学的道理彰明。训诂和音韵能够道理明晰，小学也就明晰；小学能够明晰，而经学也就明晰了。自从《说文》问世之后一千七百年，大概是没有这样的作品啊！
至于有些人辨别字形的正俗，考察小篆到隶书之间的省变，沾沾自喜以为得见精要，但在转注假借上的各种常见条例，却茫然而不曾听说。这种人就是只知道有文字，却不知道还有音韵和训诂了。他们与段玉裁的学问比较，深浅差距有多大啊！我和段玉裁相交很久了，十分了解段玉裁。而我们又都从事小学研究，所以才敢举要说说这本书的大概，告知所有有志于经学研究的读书人。
嘉庆戊辰五月。 高邮王念孙序。

Answer 2

Said text book, text, and sound exegesis also. Acoustic-reading, are in harmony with society. Or the ancient pronunciation of, or for the collection of the ancient music. Birds of the same feather flock together., to group operators. On the exam, organized. No distance separation, therefore, modern pronunciation of a Chinese character or practice, to suspect Chay; or the practice of ancient pronunciation, to ancient collection of the sound, and the sound of the last day of a lunar month. Said article of the Institute, intent of the word in the first column, which also were not eliminated in the name. Statements where one said, and cited in class. Cover to widely different smell, more knowledge, and not limited to a corner.Unknown in the name refers to, or text the word is said to have in order to pass in the name of the modified Word; or it is said that led through the guise of zig-zag, diverted to this word. And exegesis of the last day of a lunar month. Wuyouduan clan was counterfeit, Chay structured, review of precision cut keys. Chang to six tones are tables, 17 schools to comprehensive nuclear. Is to say the text note. Acoustic-read, one 17 Department of near and far to seek. Sounds way out. On Xu's saying, Justice takes righteousness, to know their code, their communication. With this exclusive introduction, does not take this waste takes words, do not take Yi Ben words. Meaning of the Buffalo, to book, as similar as the two halves of a tally, and Exegetical road Daming. Exegetical voice Ming Ming primary school, Ming Ming Confucian classics in primary schools. Cover qianqibai years to not be wrong. As for differentiation of stippling are vulgar, Justice fragrance join the province, since that level on the dip it, and go to notes in the name of general orders,: home do not have smell, text is known, but do not know a sound exegesis also.Depending on if it was counterfeit, shallow deep why such as evil. If swindlers trying for a long time, I wonder if deep was counterfeit, and is engaged in the primary, so dare to lift its luoluodazhe, to become cloud of Confucian classics. The reign of wuchen May. Gaoyou Wang Niansun sequence

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