高一英语必修一第一单元语法

Question

如题所述

Answer 1

直接引语与间接引语面面观（一）
在英语语言交际中，引述别人的话有两种方式：直接引语和间接引语。直接引语是直接引述别人的原话，在书面语中经常将其放在引号中。间接引语是用自己的话转述别人的话，无需加引号，在多数情况下间接引语可以构成宾语从句。接下来我们认识一下直接引语与间接引语：
1. MrsSmith said, “I am going to New Yorktomorrow.”（引号中的内容为直接引语）
2. MrsSmith said that she was going to New York the next day. （划线部分为间接引语）
细心的同学可能已经发现句1中的直接引语在变成句2中的间接引语时某些成分已经发生了变化，如: I变成了she, am变成了was, tomorrow则变成了the next day。在日常交际中，当我们需要在这两种引语之间转换时，究竟有什么规律可循呢？
首先，如果直接引语为陈述句、疑问句，变为间接引语时，就成为一个宾语从句，所以自然要符合宾语从句的语法要求。从句的一些共性特点是：一、陈述语序；二、恰当的连接词；三、时态要求。除此之外，直接引语变为间接引语仍有一些具体的语法要求，以下结合实例逐一解析。
一、人称的变化
将直接引语变为间接引语时，一定要注意人称的变化，否则会使整个句子意思混乱。观察下列几组句子中人称的变化，注意其变化规律。
1. She said, “My friends want to visit me.”→ She said her friends wanted to visither.
2. He said to Kate, “How is your work now?”→ He asked Kate how her work was then.
3. Tom said, “You’d better carry an umbrella just incase, Mary.”→ Tom said that Mary had better carryan umbrella just in case.
4. Mr Smith said, “Jack is a good worker.”→ Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker.
【自我归纳】人称变化须牢记：从一随主，从二随宾，从三人称不更新。
“从一随主”是指如果直接引语中的主语是第一人称时，从句中的人称变化要随主句中 ______的人称变化，如第1组例句。
“从二随宾”是指如果直接引语中的主语是第二人称时，从句中的人称变化要与主句中的______一致，如第2组例句；如果主句没有宾语，则需观察主句主语的交际对象，如第3组例句，此句中Tom的说话对象为______, 故间接引语中的主语变化为Mary。
“从三人称不更新”是指如果直接引语中的主语及宾语是第三人称时，从句中的人称一般______，如第4组例句。
二、时态的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态上要做相应的变化。具体变化如下：

直接引语

间接引语

一般现在时

一般过去时

一般将来时

过去将来时

现在进行时

过去进行时

现在完成时

过去完成时

一般过去时

过去完成时

过去完成时

过去完成时

【即学即练】根据以上原则完成下列句子。
1. She said, “I have lost my bike.”→ She said she ______ her bike.
2. She said, “We hope so.”→ She said they ______ so.
3. He said, “She will go to see her friend.”→ He said she ______ to see herfriend.
注意：在以下几种情况下，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态不变化。
1. 直接引语是客观事实、科学真理及名言警句时。如：The teacher said to us, “Light travels much fasterthan sound.”→ The teacher told us that lighttravels much faster than sound.
2. 直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：Mother said, “John, what were you doingat 8 o’clock last night?”→ Mother asked John what he was doingat 8 o’clock the night before.
3. 如果直接引语中的情态动词无过去式（如：ought to, had better, usedto）或已经是过去式（如：could, should, would,might）时，则不再变化。如： He said, “You should come hereearlier tomorrow.”→ He said I should go thereearlier the next day.
4. 如一般过去时有表示具体时间的状语，也可以不变。如：She said, “I was born in 1995.”→ She said (that) she was born in1995.
三、状语及其他成分的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，时间状语和地点状语也要做相应的变化。如: now → then；today → that day; tonight → that night；yesterday → the day before；tomorrow → the next day；last month → the month before等；地点状语here → there；指示代词this → that, these → those；动词come → go, bring → take等。
注意：以上这些变化要视情况而定，不能死搬教条，如果转述就在当天当地则不需要进行时间及地点的转换。
四、句型的变化
观察下列几组句子中直接引语和间接引语的转换中句型的变化规律，并试着总结归纳。
1. She said, “Our train will leave in severalminutes.”→ She said that their train wouldleave in several minutes.
2. He said, “Can you dance, Ted?”→ He asked Ted whether / if he coulddance.
3. “You have tidied your room, haven’t you?” my mother asked. → My mother asked mewhether I had tidied my room.
4. She asked me, “When will you start?”→ She asked me when I would start.
【自我归纳】
1. 直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由______（可省略）引导的宾语从句。
2. 直接引语如果是反意疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由______引导的宾语从句。
3. 直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，间接引语应改为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。
【即学即练】阅读下列几组直接引语变为间接引语的句子，判断其正（T）误（F）并改正其中的错误。
1. “What did you do yesterday, Jenny?” said themother.
→ The mother asked Jenny what she haddone the day before.
2. The little kid said, “How can I get that toy?”
→ The little kid asked how could heget that toy.
3. He said, “The Olympic Games are held every fouryears.”
→ He said that the Olympic Games wereheld every four years.

Key:
一、【自我归纳】主语；宾语；Mary；不需要变化
二、【即学即练】 1. had lost 2.hoped 3. would go
四、【自我归纳】 1. that 2.whether / if
【即学即练】
1. T。
2. F。how could he改为how he could
3. F。were改为are

Answer 2

外研版:
ving形式
一般现在时
现在完成时
你想要一个更详细的具体内容吗