第1个回答 2009-06-10
The exporter risks mainly in the following aspects:
A contract of issuing unconventional. Importers
The most common is: importer fails to issuing or not issuing (such as foreign exchange in the market changes and strictly control the import, cases), Importers in the l/c to add some of the additional terms unilaterally (such as insurance amount, transform, port of destination, package, etc.), change to change in order to achieve the purpose of the contract, Importers in the l/c to many restrictive provisions, etc
2 therefore manning. Importers
Importers often use credit "strict" principle, deliberately consistent in the l/c to add some difficult conditions, or set some pitfalls. If not, are determined by words and terms of l/c content contradictory
The l/c beneficiary, such as existing character name, address, shipment date, expiration date and address such dozen wrong word. In addition, the letter of credit with partial shipment prohibited and limit the deadline of each batch delivery, or allowing clew combined bill of lading and prohibit transshipment, or request the kinds of insurance, etc, these overlapping is contradictory
Three, or forgery. Importers/steal other Banks have printed with credit, or blank format has been closed on the brink of bankruptcy or the bank clerk vicious collaboration to open the l/c
4. Importers requirements of documents to the credit
A person, or the documents signed goods with parts or in the container ship, or within explicit conditions may request the FOB by insurance company CFR voucher application, such as beneficiaries of negotiation for the seller cannot fulfill or the seller can control
L: as required by the bureau, issued by beneficiary provides quality and quantity and price of the inspection certificate issued by China commodity inspection bureau, according to the provisions of the regulations, the bureau of quality and quantity issued only the inspection certificate issued by the price, but not the inspection certificate. Therefore, the seller shall promptly to require buyer, through the bank to cancel the price changes, the inspection phrases.
5. L/c with the requirements of the relevant national laws or regulations are different departments concerned
In practice, the seller cannot neglectful, although the l/c is more advantageous conditions stipulated surface, but the relevant national or local law and the relevant provisions of the single department, don't allow the provisions on the l/c.
6. Alter credit fraud
Importers will expired l/c, change the original issuing deliberately to alter the amount, shipment and beneficiary's name, and direct mail or retain the beneficiary to cheating export goods, or induces export credit, diddle their bank financing.
7. Forge confirmed credit fraud
So-called "counterfeit credit fraud" refers to the importer in providing false, on the basis of the credit for the exporter of trust, deliberate forge international big bank confirmation letter to defraud the bulk of export goods.
8. To know otherwise can credit
If a credit requires further to shipment date of shipment, the goods without notice, sample inspection approval, because not all may cause, the sellers shall notify and disappear after the preparation, because the price rise or fall and loss
9. The requirements of credit transactions. The content has
If l/c shall be in goods to the destination, the inspection of goods after the approval by the exchange control authorities or after payment. In the draft regulations or importer for terms of payment, if the buyer is not accepted, the issuing bank is irresponsible, these have the credit transactions, no guarantee for exporters.
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第2个回答 2009-06-10
The risk of the exporter in the following areas:
1. Importer issuing the contract for non-compliance
The most common is: do not schedule importer issuing or not issuing (such as changes in the market and foreign exchange, import control strictly the case); importer in letters of credit in favor of adding some additional terms (such as unilateral raise the insurance level, the amount of changing the port of destination, change the packaging, etc.) in order to achieve the purpose of attempting to change the contract; importer in letters of credit to make a number of restrictive regulations
二. It importers for impaired
Importers often use letters of credit "strict line" principle, deliberately added in the letter of credit are difficult to fulfill the conditions, or set some traps. If the provisions of uncertainty, there is the word error, as well as contradictory terms of the letter of credit
The existence of credit misuse of the word, such as beneficiary names, addresses, shipping vessels, address, expiration date, such as a typing error. In addition, letters of credit in partial shipment prohibited but limited the duration of each delivery, or through bills of lading is prompted to allow it to prohibit trans-shipment, or the requirements of overlap between the types of insurance, which is contradictory
三. Importers of forged letters of credit, or theft of other banks have a blank form printed letters of credit, or the brink of bankruptcy has been closed down or the bank's staff malicious collusion, such as opening of letters of credit
四. Importers required documents are not readily available credit
Signature of a particular document, or indicate that the goods with the site or in a ship cabin and container bill of lading, or explicitly requested under the condition of FOB may CFR receipt by the insurance company to apply for negotiation, such as the beneficiary is not the seller beyond the control of the seller or non-fulfillment
Such as: letter of credit requirement for the beneficiaries of Export Commodities Inspection Bureau issued by the quality and quantity and price testing to prove the terms of China Commodity Inspection Bureau in accordance with the provisions of Export Commodities Inspection Bureau issued only test the quality and quantity of proof, but it can not issue price of the test proved. Therefore, the available non-seller, the buyer should be modified through a bank to remove the words and phrases related to price tests.
五. The requirements of the letter of credit with the relevant provisions of national laws and regulations in different departments or different
Practice, the seller can not be negligent of the surface, although the provisions of the letter of credit in favor of one's own conditions, but the state or local law and the provisions of a single department, the provisions do not allow letters of credit can be achieved.
六. Altered the letter of credit fraud
Importers of expired letters of credit will be deliberately altered, changing the amount of the original permit, loading period and the beneficiary name and beneficiary of direct mail or in person to cheat the export of goods, or to induce the direction of the opening of export letters of credit, bank financing fraud.
7. Forged letters of credit insurance against fraud
The so-called "forged letter of credit fraud" refers to the importer to provide the basis of false letters of credit, in order to obtain the confidence of exporters and deliberately forged international banks confirming letters to cheat the seller in order to achieve the purpose of bulk exports.
8. Instructions required to know in order to separate the entry into force of the credit
If the letter of credit required to be shipped, shipping date of notice, samples of goods approved by the inspection, which may probably be caused by nothing because they did not notice, with the result that stock the seller, because the value of the up or down by the loss of
九. Requirements as non-credit transactions
If the letter of credit required in the goods to the destination, the goods by check or approved by the foreign exchange control authorities after the payment; or require the importer to accept a draft for payment terms, such as the buyer does not accept, the evidence line on the irresponsible, the source of these non-credit transactions, there is no guarantee for exporters at all.