音标：英语的注音符号，即英语的拼音。 （1）元音（20）：发音时气流不受口腔任何部位的阻碍。声带振动。英语中重要的音。（2）辅音（28） ：发音时气流受口腔某个部位的阻碍。声带振动的叫浊辅音，声带不振动的叫清辅音。英语中次要的音。
Aa —[eI] P73
Babe lake sake bake make fake shake rake take stake (桩)landscape escape grape tape cape gape rape (油菜) shape scrape (擦掉) jape(说笑话) Trace grace Late fate mate（classmate playmate teamate roommate ）gate date plate hate skate state fade jade lade (装船)made shade (阴凉处) spade trade came tame shame same dame game lame fame name cane plane lane mane ( 马鬃 )crane wane（月亏） Ale （艾尔酒）dale（谷） gale pale stale （不新鲜的） Able table fable cable stable cave save wave Dave gave pave rave （胡言乱语）
Ay---[eI]— Day bay may lay play pay say way ray slay (杀死）clay(粘土) flay (剥皮)relay always
Eight weigh weight sleigh （雪橇）
rain gain lain (lie 的过去分词) faint pain saint (圣人）paint Cain main vain（徒劳） slain（slay 的过去分词） fail nail tail mail pail rail jail bail (保释金) hail (高呼、冰雹) wail sail snail stain (玷污) strain raid (突然袭击) maid （少女）afraid paid
No pains ,no gains .
Haste makes waste.
Pp—[p][i:]
Cc—[s][i: ]
Dd—[d] [i: ] Tt---[t ][i: ]
Vv —[v][ i :] [f][v] “唇齿相依” P23
Bb—-[b][i: ]
He she we me be these Pete
ee---[ i: ] Bee see meet feet heel peel feel reel (卷轴) keen spleen (脾) speech feed
deed indeed gee keen queen screen agree Need feed breed greed speed seed succeed proceed exceed heed cheek geek（杂耍演员）leek sleek (光滑的)meek (温顺的)peek （偷看） reek (臭气)creek(小河) Greek week keep sleep weep beep sheep jeep between
ea---[ i: ]Sea beat meat eat seat feat heat neat cheap cheat (质量低劣的东西都cheat)seal steal defeat peat (泥炭) repeat treat wheat overeat pea clean lean leaf mean bean breach preach beach reach teach mead （蜂蜜酒）bead （念珠）sneak (偷偷摸摸地行动) sneakers (运动鞋) cream
Thief piece niece relieve
Please keep these streets clean
Please keep these keys .
A friend in need is a friend indeed .
A---[ ] -“寂寞嫦娥舒广袖，万里长空却为忠魂舞”
-a--- cat bat fat sat hat pat mat(草席) rat mad dad had lad (少年) sad man ban can fan pan ran tan(晒黑) dam am jam（果酱） Sam ham ram slam map lap nap cap clap slap sap snap gap tap rap(敲门声) sack back pack backpack lack black rack wack （怪人）slack (懒散) hand sand band grand land panda wand（棍棒） and Battle cattle rattle (发出卡塔卡塔的声音)
The black cat ran after a rat .
Ff —[e][f ]
L—[e] [l ] ① 元音或单词末尾读[l ]: all call ball fall hall tall small wall mall (超级大的购物中心); fell sell shell bell well cell smell tell spell yell hell (阎王爷对你说一声hello ,你恐怕就该下地狱了。)
②元音前面读 [l 。]: like late lake
Mm ---[e] [m ] ①元音或单词末尾读[m ]: name same game came fame shame
② 元音或单词末尾读[m 。]: make mate mine
Nn ---[e] [n ]
① 元音或单词末尾读[n ]: pen hen lesson fine
② 元音或单词末尾读[n 。]: no nine not
n ---[ ] –sing king thing sting bring wing swing boring sink pink mink link ink think monk monkey donkey thank tank bank sank rank flank （肋腹、两侧）blank rank prank （恶作剧）
Ss —[e] [s]
Glass class pass grass Last past cast ask
6532—2232 Face ace lace race pace place grace
[e]---bed led fed led get bet set wet pet best pest (害虫) chest jest (笑话) lest (难免)nest rest test vest wrest (摔跤)west zest desk beg peg (晒衣服夹子) leg
pen Ben ten hen men kettle settle
Bend tend （照料）pending（悬而未决的） mend vent (发泄) tent send lend intend
Head dead lead read bread deaf death sweat breath breakfast spread dread tread instead leapt feather
leather weather heather (石楠属植物)health wealth threat thread (线)
East or west ,home is the best .
Let him mend the desk.
He she we me be these Pete
Ii — [aI] Hi ! P74
Bike like hike pike（长矛） rite（宗教仪式） site spite (vent pessonal spite) bite kite cite （引用）excite recite unite quite side slide glide (滑动) hide wide tide ride decide describe mine nine wine fine shine spine (脊骨) dine line pine vine (葡萄树) Nice mice lice dice rice price slice vice（副的） ice advice Tribe jibe (嘲笑) describe inscribe （刻写）life wife knife rife strife （冲突） Time dime lime（石灰） mime(摹拟笑剧) rime (韵脚) crime five dive live (有电)hive (蜂房) arrive rive （撕开）mile tile wipe
Might fight night light slight bright right sigh high
Bind wind kind find behind mind Child mild wild blind remind grind rind (树皮)
Magpie die lie tie vie （争）
Silent night / white lie
If the price is right ,I will buy your rice .
[g] –good girl gig P16
Jj — [d3][eI]
Kk—[k][ei]
去掉共同音[eI] ，就是字母在单词中的发音。
Gg—[d3][i:]
Age wage gage (抵押品)page rage sage cage stage huge homage (效忠) engage damage dge—bridge fridge ridge dodge lodge(租房给某人) hodge (庄稼汉) knowledge
Jane jade job jet jacket
Hh —-[eI][ts]
China cheat chicken chair teach lunch each beach peach reach much
Match catch batch latch （门闩）watch scratch patch (补丁)hatch (孵蛋)
[ts] [d3] (p90) 清辅音：送气增强 声带不振动 ；浊辅音：送气减弱 声带振动 。
Tt—[t][i:]
爆破音：[t ] [d] [k] [g] [p] [b]
1) 失去爆破（不完全爆破） ：发音时，爆破音彼此相遇时，前一个爆破音只摆好姿势（留出发这个音的正常时间）不发音，紧接着发下一个音。
Goodbye sit down blackboard
实际上爆破音和后面的辅音相遇都有失去爆破现象。如：Good morning . This is a good lesson .
2) 清辅音浊化（送气减弱） ：如果[t ] [ [k] [p] 落在清音[s]的后面，
[t ] → [d] → student study still stand stone stood star stop
[k] → [g] → school skate ski sky skin scarf skim
[p] → [b] → spoon sport spin spy speed spot spring spell
有“气”无“声”的音叫“清音”，有声的音叫“浊音”。
印度英语：[t ]--- [d] [p]------ [b] pen –ben
i----[ I ] bit sit wit pit hit fit lit
Bin sin win pin hint
Give her a pill if she is ill .
She filled my dish with fish .
Oo ---[ ] P89
No so hello
O --- coke poke joke nose pose dose close rose prose cosy （暖和舒适的）home dome （圆屋顶 苍穹） Hole whole pole tadpole (蝌蚪) role mole (鼹鼠，痣) vole (田鼠) lone bone cone （锥形物）clone (克隆)throne(宝座) phone postpone stone hope slope （斜坡）cope scope telescope rope envelope old sold fold gold told mold bold hold only photo phone sofa
Oa ---coat boat bloat (肿胀) goat goad (刺棒) toad (癞蛤蟆) moat (壕沟) float gloat (幸灾乐祸)soap coal goal foam coach coax poach（侵入他人地界偷捕.poach for dogs and chickens （偷鸡摸狗）boast coast roast toast
ow--- bowl yellow bellow (牛风)吼叫 fellow mellow (圆润的歌喉) snow show low row bow sow （播种）mow (割草) crow （乌鸦）slow glow blow kowtow borrow sorrow sparrow arrow barrow (手推车) harrow (耙子)marrow (骨髓)narrow window widow pillow willow follow hollow
[D ] -o---box ox fox pox nod God Cod（鳕鱼） plod（沉重缓慢走） mod （现代派的一
份子）dog fog frog log clog （堵塞） hog (猪科动物) lost cost rock mock （嘲笑：学某人的走路）lock block (街道：The bank is two block away .过两条马路就是银行。)flock (一群)clock rob snob Bob mop top hop cop stop shop pop job Bob lob mob (暴民） blot (污渍，如墨水) not lot slot pot dot shot hot spot clot(血凝块) boss toss loss cross across moss (苔藓) cross P45
Tom’s got a lot of dots on his pocket.
Uu--- (开音节) use fuse fume （难闻的烟气） perfume cute cube （立方体） nude tube mute muse （沉思冥想） huge tune dune (沙丘)duke （公爵） duma (杜马) unit mule (骡子) refuse refute amuse accuse(告发) excuse abuse confuse acute contribute (贡献)
Ew –few hew knew mew new pew dew stew
Ue ---argue rescue value
Ww ---[d] [∧ ] [b] [l][j]][u:] P34
u—-[ ∧ ] bun run fun sun gun pun shun bus us sum hut cut nut shut mum bug dug rug hug drug （药物）dub (配音) drub (跺脚) drum stub（树桩）stud (种马) hxub （冲头） rub scrub （用力擦洗）cherub （小天使）
u— [ ∧] luck duck suck buck truck luck yuck butter mutter
o— [ ∧] love glove shove (猛推)（mother brother other bother smother come some money son color month
Qq--- [k] [j][u: ]
Yes yen yellow yet yo-yo yell
[u:] —oo- --moon noon soon spoon choose tool too school
ue—blue glue slue(大量) flue （烟道、渔网）true clue rue （懊悔）
ui—juice suit cruise recruit (征募新兵) crew grew drew screw flew blew
ou ---[u:]—you soup group coupon
[ u ] ------ Foot look book hook took cook
Ou ------ [u] could would should
Rr – [a : ] P34
Ar—art car far tar park shark bark spark cart fart dart（飞镖） scarf snarl (混乱) article Large charge discharge barge （驳船、大型游船） Fast last mast past cast task flask （烧瓶） ask glass class father after
Al---[ a:] ---half calf (牛犊) palm calm
The car was parked in the dark .
Half the class laugh.
Xx—[ e ] [ k ] [ s ]
含有共同音[e ] 的字母：f , x , m, n, s 去掉共同音 [e ] 就是字母在单词中的发音。
Yy—w] [ai] (外“屋”老吴家的“吴”老二一“无”所有，是个窝囊废。)
英语中半元音有两个：[w] [j]
w---[w] water watch wake well
wh—[w] what why when where which white wile
y--[j] –yes yawn yuck yum your year Yale
Zz---[z][i: ] [s ][z]
含有共同音[ i ：] 的字母：b, c , d , g , p, v , t, z 去掉共同音[ i ：] 就是字母b, c , d , g , p, v , t, z 在单词中的发音。
英语字母在单词中的读音是有规律可循的：
1． 单个辅音字母的读音 一般是把字母名称中的元音去掉。有以下四种形式：
（1） 去掉名称音中的共同音[i:] ，如 b [b] c [s] d [d] g[d3] p [p] t [t] v [v] 等；
（2） 去掉名称音前的共同音[e], 如 f [f ] l [l ] m[m ] n[n] s[ s] x [ks] 等 ；
（3） 去掉名称音后的共同音[ei], 如 j [d3] k [k] ;
（4） 写法相同，读音不同，按和辅音字母同形的的音标读音， 如h [h] r [r] w[w] z[z] 等。
（5） 字母与音标同形的有：
b [b] d[d] h[ h] k[k] l [l ] m [m ] n [ n] p [p] r[ r ] t [t ] w [w ] z [z]
[ ] [ ] P67
[ ] -thank three thing thick thin through mouth south
[ ] -this that the those these mother father rather brother feather leather heather breather （呼吸者）
[ ] [3 ]
[ ] -sh-- she shy shit sheep sheet shame shut shun short wash cash lash (鞭打)crash slash （砍）rash dash hash (切细)dish bush push hush brush action conversation
[3 ] -s -treasure pleasure usual vision television decision P77
[tr] [dr]
[tr] -tr --- tree try truck trick track true trip P90
[dr] -dr ---drink drive draw dry drop
[ts ][dz ] [ts ]---ts ---cats coats let’s hats bats P89
[dz ]---ds ---beds heads birds needs feeds
[t ] [d ] [k] [g ] [p] [b ] [f ] [v ][s ] [z ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ts] [d3] [tr] [dr] [ts ][dz ]
英语中的辅音成双成对的辅音有10对， 发清辅音的时候，送气增强，声带不振动；发浊辅音的时候，送气减弱，声带振动。
[ ）: ] -o-short port sport fort fork lord afford
-al-call fall gall (胆囊) hall ball mall wall all small walk talk chalk stalk （balk
-aw -paw saw law haw draw claw (动物的爪) pawn prawn （对虾 lobster 龙虾 shrimp 小虾）dawn lawn hawk （鹰）awful 极坏的
- au-august haunt (鬼出没) daunt (吓人) flaunt (炫耀)audio (听觉的) auction (拍卖) augur (预言家) auto （汽车）
- ough ---fought bought sought daughter
- our --- four your pour mourn course court
-ore - store core more sore shore fore pore（毛孔） core tore bore more lore (知识) wore
- oar （摇橹）roar （怒吼）soar（盘旋） boar（公猪） board hoard （囤积）hoarse （沙哑） Don’t walk on the lawn .
[3; ] [ ]
[3; ] - ir- bird fir skirt shirt firm dirt dirty girl birthday first
ur-purse nurse burn turn hurt church fur surf curl Suburb perturb( 烦扰) disturb (打搅)
ear-earn earnest learn pearl heard earth dearth search research yearn （渴望）
er-her herself herd (牧群) term serve fern ( 蕨菜) nervous mermaid （美人鱼）
or-word world work worm worth worst worse
First come first served.
Her purse is made of fur .
His brother sent a letter to his father .
The doctor said his mother was better .
* 英语中长短元音有四对, 长元音的口型小，短元音的口型大。
[I ] [ i : ]
[u ] [u : ]
[ ] [3: ]
[D ] [ ]
[eI][aI][ ] [au] [ ][ ] [e ]
ow --[au]-cow bow now how owl (猫头鹰)down town gown（睡衣） crown brown brow towel vowel tower cower (打哆嗦) flower shower P89
ou-- [au] ---bounce noun mouth mouse out about house louse rouse grouse (抱怨)out pout spout about shout couch pouch crouch grouch (发脾气) bound found hound sound pound mount wound round around
oy-[ I ] --boy doy(傻) soy（酱油、大豆） toy coy（女孩害羞） joy Roy loyal royal annoy oyster employ enjoy P75
oi ---[oi]---oil coil foil soil toil spoil hoist join coin voice choice void point noisy toilet point
eer --[ I ]---cheer sheer deer sneer（嘲笑）steer (操纵) peer （凝视）beer jeer(嘲笑) seer（预言家） leer （斜睨：表示敌意、会意、嘲弄）queer peer （凝视）veer （转向） P99
ear-[I ]-- beard fear dear hear gear(齿轮、排挡) near rear year tear spear shear
air-[ e ]---air fair hair lair pair chair Blair stair airport P105
are -- [ ]--- bare care dare hare mare 母马）pare （削苹果）rare tare （救荒野豌豆） fare share spare stare scare flare nightmare blare (喇叭)嘟嘟地大声响 warfare welfare
The bears were there .
The mayor asked you to take care .
our --[u ]---tour dour gourmet gourd detour bourse ure -sure
oor-poor moor boor（沼泽）P99
三元音：[air] fire hire tire wire mire expire lion shire (郡) admire spire (塔尖) 尖顶 sire 陛下 desire retire acquire require inquire
Having been fired he is in the mire
[aur ] sour our power tower cower flower shower
[eir]
[Dir]
[our]
qu-[qw] -quick quiet quite quit quiz quench queer quilt quill quote *
l 音标和字母同型 但发音不同：
r -[r] red read roof h-[h] he hello hi have w-[w]
读音标教材。
容易念混淆的音：
fill feel ship sheep pit pet sit set man men send sand let late bed bade mean main read raid
音标总结：
1. 辅音
2. 元音： (20个）
前元音：(4个)
中元音：(3个)
后元音：[a:] [u:] [u][D] [ : ]
双元音：1）开合型 ：（5个）
2）集“中”型 ：（3个）
开音节 ：绝对开音节和相对开音节中的元音读成字母音。相对开音节单词的特点是“元音+辅音+e（不发音） ” , 其中的元音读成字母音，如: cake name game lame tame same take page plate skate make tape staple 。
闭音节 ：闭音节单词末尾以辅音字母结尾，元音的发音都读成音标音。
fun gun bus nut cut cat bit sit cop bet pen
英语和汉语不同，英语是表音文字，它的特点是字面怎么，单词怎么拼写就怎么发音，发音具有规则性，掌握音标和读音规则就可以自然拼读单词。
开音节的口诀：
a--a---[eI] 、e---e—[ i: ] 、i---i—[aI] 、o—o---[ou] 、u—u—[ju:]
闭音节的口诀：
a--a---[ ] 、e---e—[ e ] 、i---i—[I] 、o—o---[ D] 、u—u—[∧]
Fad (狂热) –fade wag(摇摆)—wage lad—lade(装船) fat –fate gat（狭窄通道）—gate bat —bate（减少）cap—cape rat—rate hat—hate Pal—pale plan—plane tap—tape gal（女孩）—gale（大风） gag(塞口物)—gage gap—gape dam—dame Sam—same mad—made cam(凹轮)—came can—cane pan—pane （框格玻璃） at—ate mat—mate stag(雄性动物)—stage rap—rape
Gen(情报)—gene pet—Pete met—mete(给予) set –scene these
Bit—bite lit—lite sit—site fin—fine pin—pine din—dine win—wine spin—spine (脊骨) kit—kite quit—quite spit—spite pip(果籽)pipe Tim—time dim—dime hid—hide rip(撕)—ripe
Cop—cope dot—dote (昏聩) not—note rod—rode
Us—use cub(幼兽)—cube cut—cute hug—huge fuss—fuse tub(浴盆)—tube
英语的“减音”,即失去爆破（不完全爆破） ：
爆破音彼此相遇时，前一个爆破音只摆好姿势，留出发这个音的正常时间不发音。
Goodbye sit down blackboard
英语的连读：在流畅的英语口语中，单词与单词之间会发生连读。两个单词间首尾音素之间的发音自然地拼读在一起，中间不停顿。连读是语流的自然结果。
英语的连读是区别汉语的重要特征。汉语的字词之间“字正腔圆”，相对独立。
1）[t][j]----[ts]: hit you last year what you say
2) [d][j]---[d3] I need you . Did you go to school ?
Would you like a cup of tea?
英语的“增音”：
1) 英音中，在以字母r结尾的单词，r不发音，但与后词的词首元音发生连读时发音，读/r/，如far away。
2) 美音中，无论是连读还是不连读，字母通常都会发音，外加音/r/。
3) 如果前词以/ / / / / /，后词以元音//开始，为了发音的方便，英国英语中或美国英语中会在两个元音之间加上微弱的/r/来连接，如：
idea of it读为/ai’dierevit/.
Earache (耳朵痛)
The area of the room
There is a book on the desk .
There are some books on the desk .
Where are you ?
I can’t bear it .
A pair of shoes
I will take care of it
新目标词汇： about amount away afford accord guild build built guilt
通过熟悉的单词联想记忆新的单词
Have -haven （避难所） brown -frown brother-bother /smother action -auction
listen -glisten (闪光)
dearth(缺乏) earth (地球上缺乏资源) 2) dear 昂贵的，物以稀为贵，所以缺乏。
Paste（面团）Pasta 通心粉 由面团（paste ）构成的。
Scar /scare /scarf
Scar ：被小汽车（car）撞了一下，所以留下了伤疤(scar) 。
scare ：留下了的伤疤(scar )怪吓人的，就变成了scare 。
scarf ：因为有了scar ,所以就每天戴着围巾（scarf）来上班。
Number (数字) 人一喝酒就变得麻木了（numb） ，连数字(number)都记不清了。
Afraid ： 敌人来空袭（air raid ） ， 老百姓的第一反应是afraid 。
Broth ：古时候晋文王重耳落难，介之推将自己大腿上的肉割下来做成肉汤给他充饥，二人的关系真是情同手足（brother）。
money honey champion scopion famous glamous
hobby lobby
hotel motel France dance chance
Magic (有奇异魔力的) tragic （悲惨的）
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