中国工人阶级现状调查报告
一、珠海一家外资企业工人走上街头反对“血汗工厂”
今天我的电子邮箱里收到了“中国劳动观察”发来的一个报告，报告题目是“美星制鞋数千名工人走上街头反对血汗工厂”。报告介绍说，广东省珠海美星是台资企业信星集团的下属公司，位于珠海市香洲翠珠工业区，主要为Skechers（司凯捷）, Clarks(克拉克)生产鞋制品，共有员工14000人。珠海市美星制鞋有限公司数千名工人于7月4日、5日举行罢工，抗议工厂无故降低工人工资。几百名工人走上街头，要求他们不公平的待遇引起社会各界的关注。
据这家设在美国纽约的中国劳动观察在2005年6月发布的美星鞋厂调查报告，该厂违反劳动法规、侵害工人权益的事实有：每周高达81个小时的工作时间，远远超过中国劳动法规定的每周平均44个小时的法定工作时间；加班工资低于正常工作时间的工资，明显违反劳动法中关于加班工资不低于正常工资1.5 倍的规定；工人没有带薪节假日和产假，没有医疗保险；使用有毒化学制剂，给工人的健康带来严重威胁；对于怀孕女工没有任何保护措施；无论工人在不在工厂食堂就餐，工厂都收取伙食费；对工人进行非法搜身，对工人进行威胁、辱骂甚至殴打。发表评论
由于工资低，该厂的工人分别于2004年4月和2005年5月举行过罢工，但是厂方都没有给予足够的重视，该厂的劳动条件至今没有得到任何改善。中国劳工观察曾致信Clarks 和Skechers公司，希望他们能够给信星集团施加压力，促使该厂改善工人的劳动条件，但是这两家公司没有做出任何反应。中国劳工观察呼吁公众写信给这两家公司，要求他们敦促其供应厂商遵守中国的劳动法规，尊重工人的合法权益。
我们国内为什么没有这样的报告？
看完报告给我的第一个感叹便是：为什么我国媒体上从来没有见过这样的中国无产阶级劳动状况的调查报告？我们的社会整天关注的都是些什么问题？为什么国内没有象“中国劳动观察”这样的机构为中国的普通劳动者做些调查和呼吁？我国工人农民的劳动和生活状况为什么难以映入社会的眼帘？为什么我们国内的事情总要国外人士来呼吁？
通过这件事情，我们可以看出国内对工人阶级的关心程度多么薄弱。这些年间，大家都在不遗余力地追求GDP，追求外商投资，在一定程度上忽略了中国工人阶级的利益，忽视了生活在社会最底层的劳动阶级。
剖析“中国工人喜欢加班加点”现象
就在我昨天参加的那个企业社会责任研讨会上，一位来自国家政府机构的学者居然说出这样的话：“一些工人喜欢加班加点，这样他们可以多挣点钱，如果没有加班加点，有的工人就跳槽走了。”这位学者以这样的理由来证明工厂加班加点的合理性，但如果工人们在正常的8小时工作时间里挣够了他们所需要的钱，还有必要再延长时间去挣另外的钱吗？
实际上真正的事实是：所谓工人渴望加班加点这种现象，是因为给工人规定工时内的工资标准定的太低。广东的最低工资标准仅700多元，福建省仅600元。以如此低点来支付工资，怎能不迫使工人们延长工作时间来增加收入呢？因此，低工资标准是使当前我国工人大量加班加点的真正原因。而低工资标准正是跨国资本赚取剩余利润的最佳手段。
然而，即使工人们加班加点，仍然摆脱不了被剥夺的事实。以珠海美星厂为例，工人们通常一星期要工作多达81个小时，远超过法定的44个小时的工作时间。该厂正常的工资标准是3.375 元/小时，但是加班工资却只有2.5元/小时，明显违反了劳动法中关于加班工资不低于正常工资1.5 倍的规定。
请这些可爱的养尊处优的先生设身处地地想一想吧，一天13个多小时的工作，其劳动强度有多大！中国工人们的付出是多少？你们为什么不帮弱势的劳动群体说说话，反而事事处处为外商资本考虑得那么多？我们的立场感情都到哪里了？发表评论
这么年来，各地发生了大量的劳资矛盾，可从来得不到反映。无论是广东东莞的工人罢工和与资方发生的暴力冲突，还是广州、深圳等地发生的工人抗议事件。
中国的媒体要为劳动大众服务。只有在媒体和舆论支持的配合下，中国劳动阶级才会由弱势变为强势，中国的社会发展才会均衡与和谐。
中国的劳动阶级为什么处于弱势？
从我国从未发现哪个机构做出工人阶级调查报告这一现象可以看出，中国的劳动阶级是一个非常弱势的社会群体。有人曾指出，当前越是人数众多的群体，越是力量薄弱的群体。
据说美星厂的主管经常辱骂甚至殴打工人，工人本来就很低的工资还经常被任意克扣。由于成型车间里使用有毒腐蚀性化学制剂，工人即使戴口罩也经常会晕倒。假如这个企业中的工会组织发生作用，会允许这种现象发生吗？
不管怎么说，现在是让中国社会了解中国工人阶级状况的时候了，再以追求效率、忽视工人权利为内容的改革不能持续下去了！下面是中国劳工观察发表的《珠海美星厂调查报告》，请大家认真关注。
珠海美星鞋厂调查报告
中国劳工观察
本报告包括以下内容：工厂简介、工作时间、工资、住宿条件、伙食情况、工作强度和劳动价格、罚款与扣除、假日和福利、招工政策、工伤和职业病、监督和检查。
I. 工厂简介。
信星集团是一家台资企业，主要生产婴儿鞋、时装鞋、休闲鞋等。该集团在中国和越南共有35条生产线，约有2万名工人。该集团2003年的总投资超过6000万美元。其主要客户包括国际知名鞋业公司如Skechers, Clarks, Stride Rite 和Wolverine。
本报告调查的对象是新兴集团在中国广东珠海市的美星鞋厂。美星鞋厂位于广东省珠海市香洲翠珠工业区，共有员工14000人。此次主要调查的是该厂的一分厂，约有员工7000人。美星鞋厂主要为Skechers（司凯捷）, Clarks(克拉克)生产鞋制品。本报告旨在记录该厂侵犯工人合法权利的一些事实，并号召该厂采取措施来改善工厂的劳动条件。
II. 工作时间。
美星鞋厂的工作时间为早上7点半至晚上9点，其中上午11点40至12点40为午饭时间，下午4点40 至6点为晚饭时间。但是该厂下班时间错开三个轮次，中午分别为11点40，12点，和12点20，所有的工人都在12点40回车间上班；下午下班时间分别为4点40，5点，5点20，所有的工人都在6点回车间上班。
这样不同的车间总的工作时间就不同。并且工厂规定每天加班时间不能超过3小时，其余上班时间就只算白天8个小时的正常工作时间，也就是说除此之外的工作时间工人都是拿不到工资的。但有时候订单多的时候，工人会被要求加班至凌晨1点甚至2点。这种情况下，工人一天的工作时间可以高达18.5个小时。
除了上班时间外，工厂还要求工人每天早上7点到7点半到车间开会或者打扫卫生，这半个小时的时间是没有工资的。另外，星期六加班的时候工厂要求工人不打卡，以应付检查，虽然厂方会支付工人的工资。该厂只有星期天是休息时间。但是订单不多的时候工人星期六也休息。工厂规定工人中午休息的时候不能离开工厂，工人只能在厂里休息。
III. 工资。
该厂实行计时和计件工资。仓库、样品室等部门实行计时工资，生产部门实行计件工资。即使标准工资为8小时27元人民币，即每小时3.375元。然而，加班工资为每小时2.5元，比正常工资还要低。另外，该厂不管是正常上班还是加班，不管平时还是节假日，工资标准都是一样的。这明显违反了劳动法中关于加班工资的规定，即平时加班应按不低于正常工资的1.5倍支付，休息日应按不低于正常工资的2倍支付，法定节假日不低于正常工资的3倍支付。由于计时工资收入比较稳定，工人更喜欢计时工资，但是生产部门里只有与部门主管关系好的工人才能拿计时工资。
工人反映他们的工资越来越低。2004年4月在一些管理人员的组织下，改产工人进行了三天的罢工，但结果只是管理人员的工资提高了。今年5月2号裁断部门的工人因工资低而罢工，但是厂方的态度是如果对工资不满意，工人可以到别的工厂去。
工人的工资在每月月底发放。根据工厂的规定，当月工资要到下个月的月底才能拿到，也就是说他们的工资被拖欠一个月。如果工人要辞工，必须提前15天通知厂方并且要经过班长，组长，科长，主任，厂长的全部同意才行，只要一个没答应，工人就辞不了工。因此，该厂很多工人放弃最后一个月的工资而离厂。
通过对同一名工人五个月工资情况的分析我们可以看到，美星鞋厂工人的工资变化幅度非常大。下面是该工人在五个月里的工资情况：2004年11月：1152元，2004年12月：900元，2005年1月：754元，2005年2月： 278元，2005年3月；853元。
下面的照片是该名工人2004年11月和12月的工资单。从工资单上我们可以看到，该名工人本薪为510元，实发工资为900元。工资单中间一栏显示该工人12月的实发件薪为975元，计件津贴515元，其他补贴和或是津贴分别为30元和20元。工资单的右边一栏显示总的扣除金额为125元，其中包括伙食费80元，清洁费1元，养老保险44元。
从工资单上我们可以看出，这名工人11月的实发工资为1152元，12月为900元。虽然两个月的本薪都为510元，但是件薪不同，说明这名工人在11月的计件总量比12月高。
这名工人的工资总数为本薪加计件，说明他的工资计件工资而不是计时工资。也就是说，不管这名工人工作多长时间，他的工资都是按他实际生产的产品件数来计算的（于此相反的是，计时工资的工人是按他们工作的小时数计算，不管他生产多少件产品）。正如上面所提到的，在通常实行计件工资的部门里，如果工人与部门主管关系好，也可以按照计时工资算。
IV. 住宿条件。
该厂有两栋宿舍楼。每栋楼7层，每层有20多个房间。每个房间有5张床，10个铺位，两台风扇，每个人还配有一个衣柜。每层楼只有两个公共卫生间和浴室，即200多名工人共同使用。每名工人每月要交70元住宿费（以前是46元）。宿舍管理非常严格，如果工人的被子、鞋子或者衣服放置不整齐就会被扔到垃圾箱里。工人反映宿舍里不安全，他们的个人用品经常被偷。因此，很多工人选择在厂外住，但是由于他们租不起条件好的房子，他们的住宿情况也不尽人意。
V. 伙食情况
工厂的食堂在工人宿舍一楼。以前工厂每个月向工人收取80元伙食费，从今年5月份起，每个月要收180元，而且不管工人在不在厂里食堂吃都得扣这笔钱。工厂提供的伙食为三菜一汤，工人说菜里的油还可以，但是味道不好，而且发生过载饭菜里吃出死老鼠的事。因此，很多工人选择在外面吃或者自己做。如果加班超过晚上12点，工厂会提供夜宵，但是都是白天剩下的饭菜。以前荤菜里只见肉皮，肉都供应给管理人员。但是从伙食费提高后，这种情况有所改善。由于饭菜质量不好，量也不多，工人反映他们根本吃不饱。
VI. 工作强度和劳动价格。
该厂目前主要生产克拉克的11319、11313等型号。不同部门的计件单价不同。裁断车间一个工人8小时能做13000多双，每双0.0025元，成型车间一条线能生产2000多双，每双为1.2元至1.8元，针车部一双鞋能拿2元左右。这样生产一双在国外市场上能卖几十甚至上百美元的鞋子，这三道工序的工人的工资加起来只有5.2至5.8元人民币。生产线上有很多孕妇，但是工厂对她们没有采取任何保护措施，她们和其他工人工作同样的时间。另外，工厂管理人员经常辱骂员工，骂她们是猪或骂她们的父母，有时甚至打工人。
VII. 罚款与扣除。
“小过”罚款30元，“大过”罚款90元，主管可以任意决定。旷工一天扣除三天工资。丢失厂牌扣30元。工人必须自己购买厂服：冬装28元一件，夏装15元一件。非法搜身：如果厂里鞋子数量少了，保安就会对工人进行搜身，如果没找到他们也不道歉。
VIII. 假日和福利
“五一”和“十一”放假没有工资，没有带薪产假、婚假和丧假，每月有30元全勤奖，前提是不迟到、不请假、不旷工，工作1-3年的工人有100元的年终奖，3-5年的150元，5年以上的200元，自从工厂给工人购买养老保险后，原来的住房补贴、伙食补贴和医疗补助都被取消。
IX. 招工政策。
该厂工人大多来自湖南、四川、江西，其中女工最少占有90%。男工如果想进厂，必须交1000元介绍费。工厂会统一组织新入厂的工人去体检，每人交体检费50元和5元车费，但实际上如果工人自己去体检的话，总共只需35元。工厂对新员工不提供任何培训。工厂每年9月份左右跟员工签订一次合同，合同期限为一年。合同只有一份，由厂方保管。工人反映合同的内容与现实存在很大区别，并且签订合同时工人只需签名就可以，对于内容没有商量的余地。
X. 工伤和职业病。
该厂经常发生工伤。但是发生工伤后，除了保险公司的赔偿外，厂方不提供任何医疗补助。成型车间里使用一种腐蚀性有毒化学药品。由于气味难闻，工人带着口罩也经常会晕倒。
XI. 监督和检查。
工人说该厂没有工会组织。厂里设有意见箱，但是工人很少使用，因为他们知道对于他们投诉的问题，厂方根本不会进行处理。如果有客户到工厂考察，厂方会教给工人怎么跟客户讲话。工厂还威胁工人如果他们乱说话，客户一走他们也要走人。(
Investigation report of the Chinese working class. Zhuhai, a foreign workers took to the streets against "sweatshops" in the e-mail I received in the "China Labor Watch" sent a report, report entitled "U.S. Star shoe thousands of workers took to the streets to oppose sweatshops." Reports that the United States was an Zhuhai in Guangdong Province Group in a letter to the Taiwan-funded enterprises affiliated companies, Xiangzhou District in Zhuhai Chui-industry, mainly Skechers (Division Super Winner) Clarks (Clark) shoes apparel production, a total of 14000 employees. Zhuhai City Star shoe Ltd. thousands of workers in the United States on July 4, on the 5th strike. Factory workers protest lower wages for no reason. Several hundred workers took to the streets, asking them to unfair treatment caused concern in various sectors of society. According to this New York-based China Labor observation in the June 2005 survey report released by the U.S. Star shoe. plant in violation of labor laws, the facts are against the interests of workers as much as 81 hours a week : the working hours China's Labor Law, far more than the average 44-hour weekly working hours; The working hours for overtime pay lower wages. Obviously not violate labor laws on overtime pay wages lower than the 1.5 times; workers are not paid holidays and maternity leave, no health insurance; the use of toxic chemicals, which pose serious threats to the health of workers; no measures of protection for pregnant workers. not whether workers in the factory canteen meals, collecting food factories; to search for illegal workers, and workers threatened, beaten and even insults. Commenting on low wages Workers at the plant in April 2004 and has held a strike in May 2005. But the owners have not given sufficient attention, and the plant has not been any improvement in working conditions. China Labor watch Clarks sent a letter to the company and Skechers, Group in a letter to the hope that they can bring pressure upon the workers of the factory to improve working conditions. But the two companies have not made any reaction. Chinese workers have urged the public to observe the letter to the two companies, asking them to urge their supply manufacturers to comply with China's labor regulations, respect for the legitimate rights and interests of workers. Why do not we have such a report? I read the report is a sigh : Why is it that our media, I have never seen such a labor situation in the Chinese proletariat, the investigation report? Our community is always concerned about what's the problem? Why were not as "China Labor Watch" for such a body to do the investigation and appealed to the ordinary workers? China's workers and peasants working and living conditions of the eye Why not come? Why do we always have to domestic issues to appeal to foreigners? Through this incident, we can see how weak domestic concern for the working class. In recent years, we have spared no effort in pursuit of GDP, the pursuit of foreign investment, China to some extent overlooked in the interests of the working class, to the neglect of the working class living in the lowest stratum of society. Analysis of "Chinese workers work overtime like" Yesterday, I had already participated in the seminar that corporate social responsibility. A scholar from the national government agencies he says this : "Some workers prefer to work overtime Zhengdianqian so that they can, if not working overtime, Some workers quit and left. "The reason for the scholars to work overtime to prove that the factory is reasonable, But if people work in a normal eight-hour work Zhenggou the time they need the money. There is also a need to earn additional money time again? Instead, the real truth is this : The so-called workers eager to work overtime, The requirement of working hours for workers because of low wages. The minimum wage is only over 700 yuan in Guangdong, Fujian, only 600 yuan. To pay such a low wage, they could not force workers to work longer hours to increase income? Thus, the low-wage workers in China is the real reason for a large number of overtime. Transnational capital earning low wages is the best means for the remaining profits. However, even if the workers work overtime, still could not escape the fact that deprivation. U.S. satellite to Zhuhai plant as an example, people often have to work more than 81 hours a week. far more than the statutory 44-hour working time. 3.375 yuan plant is normal wages / hours, but the overtime pay is only 2.5 yuan / hour, a clear violation of labor laws on overtime pay wages lower than the 1.5 times. These lovely teacher asked the President to consider themselves to bars, more than 13 hours of work a day. much of its labor intensity! The Chinese workers are paid? Why did you not say something to help disadvantaged groups in labor, but everywhere, so many considerations for foreign capital? To the position where we have feelings? Comment so years, a large number of labor conflicts around, have never been reflected. Guangdong Dongguan both employers and workers to strike and the violent conflicts, or in Guangzhou Shenzhen to protest the incident. Chinese media for the public service workforce. Only with the support of the media and public opinion, the Chinese working class will become weak from the strong. China will be balanced and harmonious social development. Why China's working class at a disadvantage? My body has never been found from the survey report made of this phenomenon can be seen working class. China's working class is a very vulnerable social groups. It has been pointed out that a large number of more groups, more weak groups. Star said that the United States often abusive and even beaten for the factory workers and workers on low wages was often arbitrary deductions. Since forming corrosive workshops use of toxic chemicals, even if the workers have to wear masks often fainted. If the role of trade unions at enterprises which will allow this to happen? In any case, now it is time for the Chinese community to understand the situation of the Chinese working class, and to the pursuit of efficiency. ignore the rights of workers as well as a reform that can not be sustained! Below is China Labor watch the "Star Zhuhai U.S. factory report," Please do a serious concern. Zhuhai, China-U.S. Labor watch Star Shoe survey of this report include the following : Introduction factories. working hours, wages, accommodation, meals, the intensity of work and labor prices, and the effect of fines, holidays and benefits Nicaragua, work-related injuries and diseases, supervision and inspection. I.. Factories briefing. Star Group is a letter to Taiwan-funded enterprises, mainly produced baby shoes, fashionable, casual shoes and so on. China and Vietnam in the Group A total of 35 production lines, about 2 million workers. The Group's total investment in 2003 over 60 million U.S. dollars. Its main clients include internationally renowned shoe company Skechers, Clarks, Stride Rite and Wolverine. This report surveys the target groups is emerging in the United States and China city of Zhuhai in Guangdong Star shoe. U.S. Star shoe in Zhuhai City, Guangdong Province, Zhuhai Industrial Chui Xiangzhou District, a total of 14000 employees. This plant is a main branch, a staff of about 7,000 people. U.S. Star Shoe mainly Skechers (Division Super Winner), Clarks (Clark) shoes apparel production. The report aimed to document the plant violated the legitimate rights of the workers that some of the facts and the call for the plant to take measures to improve factory working conditions. II. Work. U.S. working for the Star shoe from 7:30 to 21:00. which 至 12:40 11:40 for lunch, 16:40 and 6 am to dinner time. However, the plant three rounds staggered working hours, noon to 11:00 40,12, and 12:20. All workers are absent from the workshop back in 12:40; 40,5 afternoon rush hours were 4:00, 5:20, All workers have returned to the workshop to work in 6:00. Such a difference in the total hours of work on different workshops. Factory overtime hours per day and not more than three hours. The remaining time is only work eight hours a day during normal working hours. In addition to the workers say their working hours are not earning a wage. But sometimes hand over a period of time, workers will be asked to work overtime until 1:00 or 2:00. Under such circumstances, workers can be as high as 18.5 hours of work day hours. In addition to working hours, the factory also require workers 7:00 to 7:30 every morning to the workshop meeting or cleaning. This is no time for half an hour wage. In addition, the factory workers to work overtime Saturday card to meet the inspection, although the manufacturer will pay the wages of workers. Sunday is the only time the plant closed. But orders have little time to rest on Saturday workers. Factory workers would not be able to leave at noon to rest when the factory workers, the factory closed. III. Wages. Practice time and piece-rate wage factory. Warehouse sample rooms department hourly wage, piece-rate wage production departments. Even the eight-hour standard wage for 27 yuan, or 3.375 yuan per hour. However, the overtime pay for 2.5 yuan per hour, the wages are even lower than normal. In addition, the plant or whether it is normal to work overtime, whether in peacetime or holidays, wages are the same. This is a clear violation of labor laws on overtime pay provisions. that is not usually made for overtime pay 1.5 times lower wages. rest days should not be lower than two times the wages paid statutory holidays is not three t
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