剑龙的资料(英文)

没HFJKDHFUI

这是一篇有关恐龙的介绍,其中stegosaurus是剑龙的介绍,本来是想把有关剑龙的贴过来,但我觉得多多益善,了解多一点毕竟有好处

Imagine walking through a prehistoric forest and coming face to face with a terrifying dinosaur. This could never have happened, of course. People and dinosaurs did not live on Earth at the same time. Dinosaurs died out long before people appeared. Dinosaurs lived from about 230 million years ago to about 65 million years ago.

HOW DO WE KNOW ABOUT DINOSAURS?

Paleontologists (scientists who study prehistoric life) learn about dinosaurs by studying fossils of their bones. These fossils are the remains of dead animals that have turned into rock.

People probably found fossils of dinosaur bones thousands of years ago but did not know what the bones were. In the early 1800s, people realized that the fossil bones belonged to prehistoric animals. The first dinosaurs that paleontologists studied were named Megalosaurus and Iguanodon. The bones looked like those of reptiles, such as lizards. The flat teeth of Iguanodon showed that it was a plant eater. The pointy teeth of Megalosaurus showed that it was a meat eater.

The early fossils came from England. British scientist Sir Richard Owen in 1842 named these animals dinosaurs. The word comes from two Greek words meaning “terrible” and “lizard.” Scientists now know that dinosaurs were not lizards.

KINDS OF DINOSAURS

Paleontologists have found fossils of hundreds of different kinds of dinosaurs that lived all over the world. Some dinosaurs were small like birds. Other dinosaurs were much bigger than an elephant.

Paleontologists divide dinosaurs into two groups, or orders, by the way their hips looked. One group had hips that were like birds’ hips. They called this order Ornithischia. The other group had hips like those of lizards. They called this order Saurischia.

There were three basic kinds of dinosaurs in the Saurischia order: theropods, prosauropods, and sauropods. There were five basic kinds of dinosaurs in the Ornithischia order: stegosaurs, ankylosaurs, ornithopods, pachycephalosaurs, and ceratopsians.

THEROPODS

All dinosaurs were plant eaters except for theropods. Theropods were meat eaters that hunted plant-eating dinosaurs and smaller theropods. Most theropods walked on their two hind legs. One of the most famous theropods is Tyrannosaurus rex. This dinosaur was about 39 feet (12 meters) long and weighed 5 metric tons.

Some theropods were called raptors. Velociraptor and other raptors had powerful claws, like the claws of an eagle. These dinosaurs probably hunted in packs.

PROSAUROPODS

Prosauropods had spoon-shaped teeth and long, slender necks. These large, plant-eating dinosaurs stood on two legs and grazed on tall bushes and trees. One type of prosauropod, Plateosaurus, was 30 feet (9 meters) long and weighed 1.8 metric tons.

SAUROPODS

Sauropods descended from prosauropods. Some of the best-known sauropods were Apatosaurus and Diplodocus. These dinosaurs had thick legs and feet like elephants’ feet, but with claws. They walked on four legs. At one time sauropods were the biggest dinosaurs on Earth. Some sauropods may have been more than 82 feet (25 meters) long and weighed about 90 metric tons.

STEGOSAURS

These ornithischians walked on four legs and had a row of bony plates down their back. Stegosaurus, a large stegosaur, also had spikes on its tail. It used its spiked tail for fighting off meat-eating theropods. Stegosaurus was about 30 feet (9 meters) long.

ANKYLOSAURS

These dinosaurs were covered with bony plates that acted as body armor to protect them against theropods. Some had a bony plate in each eyelid and large clubs on their tails. Bony rings and spines protected their necks. Ankylosaurus was about 33 feet (10 meters) long.

ORNITHOPODS

Ornithopods were once the most numerous plant-eating dinosaurs. There were many different kinds. Over time, ornithopods developed broad beaks. These later ornithopods are called duck-billed dinosaurs. Some ornithopods were small and ran fast. Others were huge. Iquanodon, for example, was 25 feet (7.5 meters) long.

PACHYCEPHALOSAURS

These dinosaurs walked on two feet. They had thick, dome-shaped skulls. Scientists think they may have used their thick heads to butt other dinosaurs.

CERATOPSIANS

These dinosaurs ware also called horned dinosaurs. One of the best-known ceratopsians was Triceratops. It had three horns on the top of its head: one horn on its snout and one horn above each eye. Triceratops could reach lengths of up to 26 feet (8 meters) and weighed more than 12 metric tons.

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE DINOSAURS?

There are several theories about why dinosaurs died out. Many scientists believe that there was a sudden, violent event. They think that an asteroid or comet collided with Earth. Fire from the impact burned large areas. Dust blocked sunlight from reaching the surface of Earth. Acid rain fell everywhere. Plants could not grow. There was no food for the plant-eating dinosaurs, so they died out. Dinosaurs that ate plant-eating animals also died out.

Other scientists think that the environment changed. Maybe the climate grew colder and dinosaurs slowly became extinct over several million years.

Many scientists think that birds descended from a small kind of dinosaur. If this is true, then dinosaurs, in a sense, are still alive in the form of modern birds.
温馨提示:答案为网友推荐,仅供参考
第1个回答  2010-04-20
剑龙,也叫骨板龙,是一类体型较大的恐龙,它们的背上长着许多骨板,尾端具有长刺,样子怪诞不经。如果我们不是从地层中发现了它们的骨骼化石,谁都不会相信在地球上曾经生活过这样奇特的动物。
剑龙是完全用四足行走的恐龙。大小与大象差不多,但体形却大不一样,前肢短,后肢较长,整个身体就像拱起的一座小山,山峰正好处在臀部。令人惊奇的是,从发现的化石得知,剑龙的背上有两排三角形的骨板,从颈部排到尾巴,宛如一把把插着的尖刀。这些骨板有什么用处呢?长期以来,不少人对这个问题进行过研究,但是意见不一,至今还是一个悬案。有人认为,骨板可以起到保护身体的作用。因为在侏罗纪的时候,陆地上的恐龙开始繁荣起来,肉食龙个体逐渐增大,这对食植物的剑龙威胁是很大的,剑龙只有以背上“刀山”一样的骨板防御敌人了。但是,身体裸露的地方怎么保护呢?所以有人又认为,骨板实际上是一种“拟态”,用于迷惑敌人。剑龙的骨板上带有各种颜色的皮肤和一簇簇像本内苏铁植物一样的东西,把自己装扮得不易被其他动物发现。近年来,有人又提出了新看法,认为剑龙的骨板具有调节体温的作用。当剑龙觉得体温太高时,就爬到阴凉处,这时就有大量血液流到骨板里,通过骨板散发热量,这是变温爬行动物的一种特殊适应方式。
虽然剑龙的个头如大象,但头很小。一个小脑袋如何指挥庞大的身体运动呢?有人认为,在剑龙的臀部还有一个扩大神经球,大约是脑子的20倍大,它能指挥后肢和尾巴的行动,所以有人说剑龙有两个脑子。看来,剑龙移动它那粗重的后肢和活动它那强劲的尾巴,要比运用头脑肯定要重要得多。因为,剑龙通常生活在灌木、丛林之中,不时地选择一些细嫩的枝叶为食;但是如遇到肉食龙来侵袭它时,它会用钉子般的尾刺鞭打它们,与敌人决一雌雄,这时第二大脑的作用就显现出来了。
疑问
剑龙是否有两个脑子?

剑龙,这种曾以“两个脑子”而闻名于世的恐龙,在侏罗纪晚期繁盛了一个时期,于白垩纪早期绝灭了。如今,我们只能通过它们的化石,尽情欣赏它们在恐龙家族中标新立异的形象。
这完全是一种谣传,任何动物都绝对不可能有两个脑子。有人说,在它的臀部还有一个脑子。实际上臀部只不过是有一个脊索,里面是个膨大的神经节,能通过神经网络与脑相通。这个膨大的神经节就像一个控制中心。这种控制中心对于像剑龙这样的大型动物来说,是至关重要的。因为它能控制后肢和尾巴,遇到危险时用尾巴上的尾剌来打击来犯之敌。
人们刚发现剑龙的时候就注意到它们背上长着许多骨板。最初,科学家们估计这些骨板是像护盖一样平铺在恐龙身上。后来,经过仔细的考察,最终确定骨板是竖立的。这些骨板里面充满空隙,表面还有很多沟槽,这些空隙和沟槽里布满了血液。当气温降低时,剑龙就会张开骨板,吸收阳光的热量,气温升高时,又会将骨板转一下,利用凉风散热。其实,剑龙的头小得很,脑子只有核桃大小,与它庞大的身躯极不相称,科学家们由此认定,剑龙一定很笨。
剑龙长着个像鸟一样的尖喙,喙里没有牙齿,但嘴里的两侧有些小牙。剑龙的背上有17块板状的骨头,在它尾巴的尖端还有着长刺。这些刺有4英尺长。剑龙的前腿比后腿短,前腿有五个脚趾,而后腿有三个脚趾。剑龙走路时用4条腿。它们可能群居生活。剑龙的脑袋非常小,所以不太聪明。
剑龙生活在侏罗纪晚期。它最著名——也最受喜爱的——是大型、骨质的板片分布在背脊以及尾部四个钉状脊。它的脑部与头颅非常的小。它以四足行走,可能觅食较低的植物,因为它的臀部位非常高而肩部却非常的低平。剑龙外观上最大的特征就是背部有一整排的三角形骨板及尾巴上的四枝尖刺,巨大的剑龙头部非常小,脑容量甚至比小狗还小,因此科学家认为它们是一种很笨的恐龙。
剑龙是典型的食草恐龙。全长7米,如果算上骨板的高度,身高可达3.5 米。整个身躯如同现在的大象,但只有一个小得可怜的脑袋,大脑只有一个核桃般大小。由于前肢短小,全身明显前倾。颈部沿背脊直至尾巴中部,排列着两排三角形的板块,尾端有两对牛角状的尖刺,这是它的武器。到目前为止,谁也不知道剑龙的骨板是怎样排列的,也不能确切地知道这些骨板的真实用途。一些人认为剑龙利用这些骨头来保温。发现了第一具剑龙化石。
分布

世界上的古生物学家对剑龙的研究已有120多年的历史,自那时以来所发现的剑龙化电脑特制的复原图石,大多是支离破碎的,完好的标本比较少。在少数完好的标本中,最引人注目的就是1886年费奇在美国科罗拉多州发现的“典型”的剑龙。它是一具有相当完美头骨的骨架化石,百余年来,世界各国古生物学家再也没有找到过这样完整的骨架化石。此外,非洲坦桑尼亚的刺棘龙骨架标本,虽然在世界上也占有重要地位,但头骨保存不全,整个骨架也是拼凑起来的。
10年前,在中国四川省自贡市大山铺发现的一种名叫“太白华阳龙”的剑龙,除几具骨架外,还包括两个完好的头骨。这一重要发现,也和美国典型的剑龙一样载入了恐龙研究的史册。此前,华阳龙已被组装成完整骨架。它的身长约4米,臀部高1.4米,是一只中等大小的剑龙。
华阳龙的问世,使它成了世界上罕见的剑龙之一。然而,华阳龙化石发现的意义远不止这一点。过去,人们都认为欧洲是剑龙的故乡,它们最早在英国南部生活,后来才移居到美洲、亚洲和非洲的。自从华阳龙标本发现以后,它改变了许多古生物学家的看法,剑龙的起源中心应该在亚洲,理由是我国四川的华阳龙是在侏罗纪中期地层中发现的,而其他各大洲可靠的剑龙化石都是在这以后的侏罗纪晚期地层中发现的。由此,古生物学家周世武等人认为,华阳龙可能在侏罗纪中期有过一次大的分化,到侏罗纪晚期衍生出许多不同的属种,并扩散到亚洲以外的其他地方生活了,如美国的“典型”剑龙、非洲的刺棘龙以及欧洲的一些种类。
值得一提的是,在我国四川省自贡沙河坝还发现过一只侏罗纪晚期的剑龙,保存得相当完整。这条剑龙的身长7米,臀部高2.5米,有颈椎13个,脊椎17个,荐椎4个,尾椎47个。它的头只有40厘米长,尾端长有两对长刺。这就是有名的“多刺沱江龙”。因为它首次发现于四川省四大江河之一的沱江流域,又因为它的背上有17对棘板(骨板),是目前已知剑龙中骨板最多的一种,所以就叫“多棘沱江龙”了。

参考资料:http://baike.baidu.com/view/44341.htm?fr=ala0_1_1

相似回答