楼主学的是什么?这是要写专业英语作业吗?
我来试试看看吧。写的不好,献丑了。为了打字方便,我的大小写都没有切换,呵呵。lz自己解决吧。
2.from the end of the civil war until the turn of the twentieth century, the industry grew at a fantastic rate, becoming America's first "big business." Although the railroad expanded the possibilities for agricultural sales, it did so at a price. Future conflicts between industry and agriculture were foreshadowed when, during the economic depression of the 1870s, a farmers' group called the Grange protested the high rates charged by railroad "middlemen" to ship their goods. The case went to the Supreme Court. Its decision of 1877, Munn v Illinois, gave states the power to regulate business with a strong public aspect like that of the railroads. National (long haul) rates remained unregulated, however, leaving the industry open for control by businesses of national stature.
to construct and consolidate ,companies needed capital from investment bankers.
vertical integration:bringing together a wide range of business activities under one organization.
the americans got so much convenience from such business and it took a new organization of business on a greater scale to support the growth. while at the same time ,the competing companies fought rate wars to lure customers and bankruptcy followed for many. railroad's profit margins ,coupled with their workers' unable and dangerous working
conditions,created the first railroad strike. this situation resulted the creation of unions such as the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.
3、Railroads were the first big business, the first magnet for great financial markets, and the first industry to develop a large-scale management bureaucracy. Railroads were used for just about anything and everything, such as the transportation of people, animals, goods, etc. It made trade and travel between the states much easier (this became easier again with the introduction of the interstate in the 1950s). The ease of these things stimulated the economy. By the beginning of the civil war,30.000 miles of track hade been laid across the country.railroads playes an important strategic role in the conflict,as a means of transportation, delivering crucial supplies and troops. During the 19century,the industry grew at a fantastic rate.
写的有点杂,有点乱,自己的思路也不是很清楚,再看看其他的资料吧。
参考资料:http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/