从笔、墨、纸、砚到提笼架鸟,再到手串念珠,以文而玩之,以文而结缘。
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/ca1349540923dd549d065e2dda09b3de9c82487a?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
文玩指的是文房四宝衍生出来的文房器玩,使之成为书房里、书案上的艺术品摆设。从起初传统的最基本的笔、墨、纸、砚,直至明清时期通过改良、衍生出了其配套的文具:笔架、镇纸、墨床、臂搁(俗称手枕)、砚滴、笔洗等(图片顺序依次排列)。
笔墨纸砚的衍生品:
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/55e736d12f2eb938374083b7de628535e5dd6f42?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
笔架:古时候用来搁置、悬挂毛笔的文房用具,至今已有1500余年的历史。
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/83025aafa40f4bfbe0c56711084f78f0f7361859?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
镇纸:写字作画时用来压纸的文具,也称之为压尺、镇尺,至今已逾1500多年。
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/7c1ed21b0ef41bd5533911b15ada81cb39db3d09?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
墨床:又称墨台、墨架,古时候用来搁置墨锭的小案架,早在元宋时期出现,但史料仅在清代见于记载。
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/29381f30e924b899ec93807d65061d950b7bf6cc?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
臂搁:俗称手枕,古人在书写作画时用来搁置手臂的用具,为防止衣袖沾染墨迹,也可舒缓手臂压力,发明于明代。
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/f7246b600c3387449839d6395a0fd9f9d62aa0f3?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
砚滴:又称水滴、书滴,用来贮存砚水供磨墨使用,有嘴的叫“水注”,无嘴的叫“水丞”
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/a08b87d6277f9e2f47d9e44d1430e924b999f383?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
笔洗:用来盛水洗笔的器皿,是一种汉族工艺品。
这些文房衍生品从木制品到瓷制品,再到玉制、宝石雕刻。它们被不断更新改良,直至唐宋时期才真正地实现自己应有的地位和价值,也就是书画艺术趋向成熟完善时期。
提笼架鸟斗蛐蛐:
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/f9dcd100baa1cd119f9d8a65b212c8fcc3ce2d48?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/5d6034a85edf8db10cc885210223dd54574e7495?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
提笼架鸟斗蛐蛐,被称之为八旗遗风。清兵进攻中原时,为了便于统领,清帝就将清兵分为八旗(正红、黄、蓝、白和镶红、黄、蓝、白旗)自己带领正三旗,其余的交给自己的儿子们统领。建国后,为了奖赏八旗贵族,允许他们整日游手好闲,永世吃皇粮,便有了这种“提笼架鸟斗蛐蛐儿、四合大院养金鱼儿”的闲情逸致。到后来就演变成一种行为文化,主要是比较宽裕的人用来消遣、打发时间的嗜好。
文玩核桃:
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/14ce36d3d539b600be07f6f2e250352ac75cb7ae?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
说起文玩,最值得提的就是核桃。文玩核桃又称“掌珠”,古时称“揉手核桃”,它起源于汉隋,流行于唐宋,盛行于明清,两千多年来盛传不衰,形成世界独有的核桃文化。明天启皇帝朱由校不仅核桃不离手,而且还有御案操刀雕刻核桃的野史。到了乾隆年间,还有专职盘核桃的太监。清末时期有句老话——“贝勒爷手中三件宝:核桃、扳指、笼中鸟”。可见核桃在文玩史上的意义之重大!
有争议的文玩,朝珠和鼻烟壶:
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/e1fe9925bc315c60f78d93aa86b1cb134954775f?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/0bd162d9f2d3572c5eea64998113632762d0c36f?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
朝珠是由佛珠衍生而来,属于清朝朝服上佩戴的珠串,总共108颗,每27颗间都有一颗大一些的分珠,共四颗,朝珠在严格意义上来讲不能被划分到文玩行列里来,但是朝珠的材质又被划分在现代文玩行列中。鼻烟壶,简单点讲就是盛装鼻烟的物件,一般悬挂于腰间。鼻烟壶属于舶来品,在明末清初时传入中国,在中国的流行仅在于其作用以及所能表露的身份。
从材质衍生为文玩:
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/bd3eb13533fa828b7e4d65a6f61f4134970a5a0d?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
而后来易于把玩的手串、念珠、手持件等都被称之为文玩,材质包括:紫檀、黄花梨、崖柏等木制品到金刚、星月等籽核类,再到琥珀、绿松、珊瑚等的宝石类,最终它们都以材质类别进入到文玩行列中。
文玩类目迅速发展:
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/728da9773912b31b812f356c8d18367adab4e130?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
![](https://video.ask-data.xyz/img.php?b=https://iknow-pic.cdn.bcebos.com/c2fdfc039245d68822854ae1afc27d1ed31b24f4?x-bce-process=image%2Fresize%2Cm_lfit%2Cw_600%2Ch_800%2Climit_1%2Fquality%2Cq_85%2Fformat%2Cf_auto)
如今,文玩类目发展地非常迅速,不管什么材质,不管什么类别,只要能上手盘玩的都被称之为文玩。所以最终文玩的定义就归纳为:有一定的历史意义,一定的文化底蕴,有一定的把玩价值。没有任何学术研究能给文玩一个充分的解释,随着时代的更迭,原始文化理念又在传承的过程中或多或少地被革新,最终文玩的解释与时俱进!
柠皓文玩原创文章,转载需授权且注明出处!