When the process was reversed , the solution was sucked out of the droplet. A picture was captured before the droplet contact line receded. The contact angle in this case was marked as receding contact angle (RCA).The figure below shows how the contact angles were measured.
2.5 AFM imaging and force measurements of BE6, BE8 and BE12 on four substrates with extreme hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity
The aggregate structures of the three surfactants absorbed on fore substrates were studied by simultaneously measuring surface separation F(D) profiles, and imaging surface topography. All force curves were taken in Contact Mode unless specified. All surfactant concentrations were maintained at 2×CAC(or 2×CMC).At this concentration,BE8 and BE12 formed clear solutions while BE6 formed slightly cloudy solution.
On mica
At 2×CAC, the AFM images were featureless on mica for all three trisiloxane surfactants. Figure 2.7 shows the F(D) profile of BE6 on mica.
A purely attractive force was observed at 5 nm and it increased in magnitude to -0.4 nm at contact. The F(D) curves measured in BE8 and BE12 solutions on mica were similar to Figure 2.7 with slight variations in the separation distance of the jump-in point. The jump-in point, as marked in Figure 2.7, is defined as the start of the unstable region (or gap) in force measurement when the cantilever tip snaps suddenly onto the substrate. This cantilever instability is caused by a force gradient that is lager than its spring constant. The force curves measured in the trisiloxane surfactant solutions were somewhat different form that measured in pure water.
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