第1个回答 2022-08-01
It’s often the case that you’ll need something that behaves like a pointer, but a built-in pointer type just doesn’t do the job. In those cases, a C++ programmer will use a “smart pointer. ”
我们经常遇到这样的情形：需要某种类似指针的东西，但内建的指针又做不了我们想要做的事情。在这些情形下，C++程序员可以使用一个“智能指针” 。
A smart pointer is a class type that is tricked up to look and act like a pointer but that provides additional capability beyond that provided by a built-in pointer. Generally, a smart pointer uses the capabilities provided by a class’s constructors, destructor, and copy operations to control access to or keep track of what it points to in a way that a built-in pointer cannot.
智能指针是一个类类型，它乔装打扮成一个指针，但额外提供了内建指针所无法提供的能力。通常而言，一个智能指针通过使用类的构造函数、析构函数和复制操作符所提供的能力，来控制（或跟踪）对它所指向的东西的访问，而内建指针在这方面则无能为力。所有智能指针都重载 -> 和＊ 操作符，从而可以采用标准指针语法来使用它们（一些罕见的智能指针甚至还重载了->＊ 操作符)。
All smart pointers overload the -> and * operators so that they can be used with standard pointer syntax. (Some rare specimens even go so far as to overload the ->* operator; ) Other smart pointers (in particular, smart pointers used as STL iterators) overload other pointer operators, like ++, --, +, -, +=, -=, and []. Smart pointers are often implemented as class templates so that they may refer to different types of objects. Here’s a very simple smart pointer template that performs a check that it’s not null before use:
另有一些智能指针（尤其是用作STL迭代器的指针）还重载了其他一些指针操作符，包括++、--、 、－、+=、-=以及[ ]等。智能指针通常采用类模板来实现，从而使它们可以指向不同类型的对象。下面是一个非常简单的智能指针模板，它执行一个检查， 确保在被使用之前不为空：
Use of a smart pointer should be straightforward, mimicking the use of a built-in pointer:
智能指针的用法非常简单，酷似内建指针的用法：
The key to this facede is the overloaded operator ->. The -> operator must be overloaded as a member and has a rather unusual property in that it is not “consumed” when it is called. In other words, when we write s->draw(), the compiler recognizes that s is not a pointer but a class object with an overloaded operator -> (that is, that s is a smart pointer). This results in a call to the member overloaded operator, which returns (in this case) a Shape * built-in pointer. This pointer is then used to call Shape’s draw function. If you write this out longhand, you’ll get the following challenging expression: (s. operator ->())->draw(), which contains two uses of the -> operator, one overloaded, one built in.
在这个用法外表之下的关键点在于重载的operator->, 此操作符必须被重载为一个成员函数，并且具有一个非同寻常的性质，即当它被调用时，它并不被消耗掉(consumed)，换句话说， 当我们写s->draw()时， 编译器识别出s不是一个指针， 而是一个重载了operator->的类对象（即s是一个智能指针）。这将导致对成员重载的操作符的调用，本例中返回一个Shape*内建指针。然后该指针被用于调用Shape的draw函数。如果采用普通写法来编写代码，将会得到如下具有挑战性的表达式(s.operator->())->draw(), 其中包含了两个->操作符，一个是重载的版本，另一个是内建的版本。
Smart pointers also typically overload operator * as well as operator -> so that they may be used to refer to nonclass types.
除了重载operator->外，智能指针通常还重载operator *, 从而可以用它们指向不是类的类型，如下所示：
Smart pointers are used pervasively in C++ programming, from resource handles to STL iterators, to reference counting pointers, to wrappers around pointers to member functions, and on and on.
智能指针在C++编程中广泛使用，从资源句柄到STL迭代器，再到引用计数指针，再到围绕成员函数的指针的包装器，等等。
ref
《C++ COMMON KNOWLEDGE: ESSENTIAL INTERMEDIATE PROGRAMMING》