第1个回答 2006-10-13
转化词性是英语构词法中最常用、最普通的方法之一.巧妙的转化词性或功能意义的转化,可使语言表达达到言简意赅,精准到位,生动形象和妙趣横生的效果.
英 语 构 词 法
根据构词法，复合词分为派生词、合成词、转化词。派生词是由词根加派生词缀构成。大多数的前缀并不影响词的词性，而仅对词根的意义加以修饰，表示否定、相反、贬低、程度、时间、方位等意义。
Ⅰ.前缀：
表示否定的前缀：
un-unfair,unhappy
non-nonsmoker,non-book
(常用在n. adj. adv. 前)
in-inactive,inhuman,indirect (常用在adj.后)
dis-disagree,disappear
im-impolite,impossible(用在b,p,m 开头的词前)
il-illegal
ir-irreal, irregular
2.表示错误或失当的前缀:
mis-misjudge, misdirect(误导)
3.表示向背的前缀:
pro-pro-Chinese, pro-American
anti-antiwar, anti-Japanese war
4.表示程度、大小的前缀
super-superstar, supermarket, superman, superpower
over-overhead, overeat, overuse
mini-minibus, miniskirt, mini-car
under-underground, under-develop
semi-semicircle, semiskilled, semi-steel
5.表示时间的前缀
pre-prewar
post-postwar
fore-foretell, forecast, foresee, weatherforcast
6.表示方位的前缀：
sub-subway, submarine
inter-international, intercity, interclass
trans-translate, transatlantic
Ⅱ后缀：
不改变词根的基本意义，而是改变了词性。
1.动词变名词：
-ation/satisfaction, education, realization
-ment/development, movement, disappointment
-al/arrival, refusal
-ee/trainee, employee
-er/teacher, worker
-or/visitor, sailor
2.形容词变名词：
-ness/happiness, meanness, carelessness
-ity/ability, possibility
-ism/Marxism, criticism
3. 名词、形容词变动词：
-ify/beautify, simplify
-ize/realize
-en/quicken, widen, sharpen
3.名词变形容词：
-y/windy, rainy, sandy
-ish/foolish, feverish
-some/handsome, troublesome
-ous/dangerous, humorous
-ful/helpful, careful, peaceful
但也有一些带后缀的派生词仅仅改变词义：
Kingdom: “职位、状态” freedom
Boyhood: “身份，资格” childhood
Friendship: “情态、状态、性质、身份、职业、技巧、技能”
leadership, hardship
Spoonful：构成名词mouthful,handful
Ⅲ.复合词：
复合词通常由两个或两个以上的自由词素构成
handbook, snowfall, bookstore Compound Noun
dark-red, world-famous
light-blue, bloodthirsty Compound Adjective
sight-see, outline Compound Verb
moreover Compound Adverb
Ⅳ转化词(conversion)
1.常用的转化为动词的名词有：
head, eye, name, book, dress, diet,
mail, face, work, answer, nurse
2.有些动词可以转化为名词：
love, doubt, walk, laugh, work, help, look, watch, record, stop, break, guess, change, ship
本模块的重点是名词转化为动词，主要有以下几种转化形式：
1.人体部位活用为动词：
head, finger, hand, face
2.某些物质名词活用为动词：
water, snow, flower, waste
3.对某些人的称谓用做动词：
nurse, host, guide, mother
4.日常用具名词做动词：boat, saw
5.一些表示心态的抽象名词用做动词：
interest, disappoint, surprise
名词和动词转化时应注意：
1.有时不改变意思，有时相应地变化
picture n. 画，照片， v. 用图表示、描述
2.有时形式不变，但读音有变
house vt. /hauz/ use vt./ju:z/
Some examples:
1. In the U.S.A. guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner is three or four days before the party date
2.Promptness(准时)is valued highly in American life, for example, if people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully dependable
3.Then consider this, you might be in a state of subhealth.
4.Subhealth, is explained as a borderline state between health an disease
5.Symptoms include a lack of energy, low spirits, slow reactions, sleeplessness, anxiety and poor memory
6.Other symptoms include shortness of breath, sweating and aching in the waist and legs
7.The key to preventing and recovering from health is to form good living habits
Conclusion:复合词
n合成词：
n派生词：前缀(表否定，表错误或失当，表程度大小表时间，表方位)，
后缀：v. n. adj. n.
n.&adj. v. n. adj.
n转化词：n. v. v. n.